ताजमहल का मूल एवं वास्तुकला

विकिपीडिया, एक मुक्त ज्ञानकोष से

The Taj Mahal represents the finest and most sophisticated example of Muslim Mughal architecture. Its origins lie in the moving circumstances of its commission and the culture and history of an Islamic Mughal empire's rule of large parts of India.

The distraught Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan commissioned the mausoleum upon the death of his favourite wife, Mumtaz Mahal. Today it is one of the most famous and recognisable buildings in the world and while the white domed marble mausoleum is the most familiar part of the monument, the Taj Mahal is an extensive complex of buildings and gardens that extends over 22.44 Hectares^[a] and includes subsidiary tombs, waterworks infrastructure, the small town of 'Taj Ganji' and a 'moonlight garden' to the north of the river. Construction began in 1632 CE, (1041 AH), on the south bank of the River Yamuna in Agra, India and was completed in 1648 CE (1058 AH). The design was conceived as both an earthly replica of the house of Mumtaz in paradise and an instrument of propaganda for the emperor.

Who designed the Taj Mahal is unclear; although it is known that a large team of designers and craftsmen (believed to be from the town of Chiniot) were responsible with Jahan himself taking an active role. Ustad Ahmad Lahauri is considered the most likely candidate as the principal designer.^[१]

अनुक्रम १ Precedents २ सिद्धांत, प्रतीकवाद एवं विवेचना ३ वास्तुकार एवं कारीगर ४ स्थल ४.१ 16वीं–17वीं शताब्दी का आगरा ४.२ क्लिक योग्य नक्शा ४.३ Dimension table ५ मकबरा (रौजा़-ए-मुनावरा) ६ नदी की ओर का प्रांगण (चमेली फर्श) ६.१ आधार चौकी एवं प्रांगण ६.२ जवाब एवं मस्जिद ७ Garden (Charbagh) ८ Great gate (Darwaza-i rauza) ९ Forecourt (Jilaukhana) १० Bazaar and caravanserai (Taj Ganji) ११ Tombs outside the walls १२ Waterworks १३ Moonlight garden (Mahtab Bagh) १४ See also १५ Notes १६ Citations १७ References १८ Further reading १९ External links

[संपादित करें] Precedents

जन्नत बाग

मकबरा

मीनारें

[संपादित करें] सिद्धांत, प्रतीकवाद एवं विवेचना

विवेचना

[संपादित करें] वास्तुकार एवं कारीगर

• Expand and add craftsmen
• बेबदल खान, the poet and goldsmith^[२]

The exquisite and highly skilled parchin kari work was developed by Mughal lapidarists from techniques taught to them by Italian craftsmen employed at court. The look of European herbals, books illustrating botanical species, was adapted and refined in Mughal parchin kari work.^[३]

[संपादित करें] स्थल

[संपादित करें] 16वीं–17वीं शताब्दी का आगरा

[संपादित करें] क्लिक योग्य नक्शा

नक्शे को क्लिक करें

• Brief explanation of how the components relate to each other.

[संपादित करें] Dimension table

• The gaz and grid analysis from Begley and Koch

घटक	मीटर			गज
	लम्बाई/ चौडा़ई/व्यास	चौडा़ई/गहराई/किनारा	ऊँचाई	लम्बाई/ चौडा़ई/व्यास	चौडा़ई/गहराई/किनारा	ऊँचाई
सम्पूर्णतः समूह	896.1	300.84		1112.5	374
सम्पूर्णतः संरक्षित समूह	561.2	300.84		696	374
ताजगंज	334.9	300.84		416.5	374
जिलाउखाना	165.1-165.23	123.51		204	153
महाद्वार	41.2	34	23.07	51	42	28.5
चारबाग	296.31	296.31		368	368
नदी की ओर का प्रांगण	300	111.89	8.7	373	138
मकबरा	56.9	56.9	67.97	70	70	84
मीनारें	5.65		43.02	7		53.5
मस्जिद	56.6	23.38	20.3	70	29	25-29
All dimensions from Koch, p.258-259 credited to Richard André Barraud

[संपादित करें] मकबरा (रौजा़-ए-मुनावरा)

आधार

Elevations;

गुम्बद

आंतरिक

गुम्बद

मीनारें

सुलेखन

आंतरिक

अंदरूनी कक्ष

कब्रें

--->

[संपादित करें] नदी की ओर का प्रांगण (चमेली फर्श)

[संपादित करें] आधार चौकी एवं प्रांगण

• तहखाना
• मीनारें

Minarets

[संपादित करें] जवाब एवं मस्जिद

.

[संपादित करें] Garden (Charbagh)

[संपादित करें] Great gate (Darwaza-i rauza)

Southern galleries (Iwan Dar Iwan)

[संपादित करें] Forecourt (Jilaukhana)

Inner subsidiary tombs (Saheli Burj)

[संपादित करें] Bazaar and caravanserai (Taj Ganji)

[संपादित करें] Tombs outside the walls

• write it up

[संपादित करें] Waterworks

[संपादित करें] Moonlight garden (Mahtab Bagh)

[संपादित करें] See also

• Persian architecture
• Humayun's Tomb
• Agra Fort
• Fatehpur Sikri
• Bibi Ka Maqbara
• Turkish architecture

[संपादित करें] Notes

[संपादित करें] Citations

[संपादित करें] References

Asher, Catherine Ella Blanshard [2003]। The New Cambridge History of India, Vol I:4 - Architecture of Mughal India (Hardback), First published 1992, reprinted 2001,2003 (English), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 368। ISBN 0-521-26728-5। Aziz, Abdul (1928). "History of the Reign of Shah Jahan" (in English). Journal of Indian History 6: 127-47.  Begley, Wayne (March 1979). "The myth of the Taj-Mahal and a new theory of its symbolic meaning". Art Bulletin: 7–37.  Begley, Wayne E.; Desai, Z.A. [1989]। Taj Mahal - The Illumined Tomb (Hardback) (English), University of Washington Press, 392। ISBN 978-0295969442। Begley, Wayne E.; Grabar, Oleg (Ed.) (1983)। Four Mughal Caravanserais Built during the Reigns of Jahangir and Shah Jahan (English) (pdf)। Muqarnas Volume I: An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture पृष्ठ। 167-180। Yale University Press (Newhaven)। अभिगमन तिथि: 2007-07-24। Bernier, François [1891]। Travels in the Moghul Empire A.D. 1657-1668 (English)। Westminster: Archibald Constable & Co। Chaghtai, Muhammad Abdullah [1938]। Le Tadj Mahal d'Agra (Inde). Histoire et description (French)। Brussels: Editions de la Connaissance। [1]। Copplestone, Trewin. (ed). [1963]। World architecture - An illustrated history (Hardback) (English), London: Hamlyn। ASIN B0000CNOL6। Harkness, Terence; Sinha, Amita (July 1, 2004)। Places / Projects -- Taj Heritage Corridor: Intersections between History and Culture on the Yamuna Riverfront (English) (pdf)। Vol. 16: No. 2, पृष्ठ। page 62-69। Places। अभिगमन तिथि: 2007-02-13। Kambo, Muhammad Salih [Vol I. 1923, Vol. II 1927]। Yazdani, Ghulam Amal-i-Salih or Shah Jahan Namah। Calcutta: Baptist Mission Press। Koch, Ebba [Aug 2006]। The Complete Taj Mahal: And the Riverfront Gardens of Agra (Hardback), First (English), Thames & Hudson Ltd, 288 pages। ISBN 0500342091। Lahauri, Abd al-Hamid [Vol I. 1867, Vol. II 1868]। Maulawis Kabir al-Din Ahmad and 'Abd al-Rahim under the superintendence of Major W.N. Lees Badshah Namah। Calcutta: College Press। Latif, Syad Muhammad [1896] (April 2003)। Agra: Historical and Descriptive - With an Account of Akbar and His Court and of the Modern City of Agra (English)। Asian Educational Services। ISBN 8120617096। Petruccioli, Attilio (ed.); Koch, Ebba (1997)। The Mughal Waterfront Garden. Gardens in the Time of the Great Muslim Empires: Theory and Design। E. J. Brill। अभिगमन तिथि: 2007-02-13। Petruccioli, Attilio (June 2006)। Rethinking the Islamic Garden (English)। Bulletin 103। Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies। अभिगमन तिथि: 2007-07-23। Qaisar, Ahsan Jan [April 1989]। Building Construction in Mughal India (Hardback) (English), Delhi: Oxford University Press, 83 pages। ISBN 019562260X।

[संपादित करें] Further reading

• Carroll, David [August 1975]। Taj Mahal (Hardback) (English), Newsweek, US, 172 pages। ISBN 0882250248।
• Gascoigne, Bamber; Gascoigne, Christina [November 1971]। The Great Moghuls। Harper Collins, 264 pages। ISBN 0060114673।
• Havel, E.B. [1913]. Indian Architecture: Its Psychology, Structure and History, John Murray pdf version
• Lall, John [December 1994]। Taj Mahal (Board book) (English), Tiger Books। ISBN 1855015900।
• Rothfarb, Ed [1998]. In the Land of the Taj Mahal, Henry Holt ISBN 0-8050-5299-2
• Saksena, Banarsi Prasad History of Shahjahan of Dihli (Allahabad: The Indian Press Ltd.) 1932
• Stielin, Henri [December 1994]। Islamic India (Architecture of the World) (Paperback) (English), S.A.: Compagnie du Livre d' Art। ASIN B000ASTXA0।
• Tillotson, G. H. R. [April 1990]। Mughal India (Architectural Guides for Travelers) (Paperback) (English), Chronicle books, 150 pages। ISBN 0877016860।

[संपादित करें] External links

• Archeological Survey of India description
• विकियात्रा से Taj Mahal हेतु यात्रा गाइड।

• Citizendium article

निर्देशांक: 27°10′30″N, 78°02′32″E