Philippine Airlines
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| Philippine Airlines | ||
|---|---|---|
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| IATA PR |
ICAO PAL |
Callsign PHILIPPINE |
| Founded | March 15, 1941 | |
| Hubs | ||
| Frequent flyer program | Mabuhay Miles | |
| Member lounge | Mabuhay Lounge | |
| Subsidiaries | Air Philippines | |
| Fleet size | 39[1] (+24 orders, +2 lease orders) | |
| Destinations | 48 | |
| Parent company | PAL Holdings, Inc. | |
| Company slogan |
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| Headquarters | Pasay City, Philippines | |
| Key people | ||
| Website: http://www.philippineairlines.com | ||
Philippine Airlines, Inc. (abbreviated PAL), also known historically as Philippine Air Lines, is the national airline of the Philippines.[2] It is the first commercial airline in Asia and the oldest of those currently in operation, with a long and distinguished history spanning over sixty years. Out of its hubs at Ninoy Aquino International Airport in Manila and Mactan-Cebu International Airport in Cebu City, Philippine Airlines serves eighteen destinations in the Philippines and twenty-six destinations in Southeast Asia, East Asia, Australia, Canada and the United States.[3]
Formerly one of the largest Asian airlines, PAL was severely affected by the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis. In what was believed to be one of the Philippines' biggest corporate failures, PAL was forced to downsize its international operations by completely cutting operations to Europe and eventually Southwest Asia, cutting virtually all domestic services excluding routes operated from Manila, reducing the size of its fleet and terminating the jobs of thousands of employees. The airline was placed under receivership in 1998, gradually restoring operations to many of the destinations it formerly serviced. PAL exited receivership in 2007 with ambitious plans to further restore services to its previously-serviced destinations, as well as diversify its fleet.
Philippine Airlines is the first and only airline in the Philippines to be accredited with the IOSA (IATA Operations Safety Audit) by the International Air Transport Association and has been awarded a 3-star rating by Skytrax.[4]
Contents |
[edit] History
[edit] Early beginnings
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Philippine Airlines was founded on February 26, 1941, making it Asia's oldest carrier still operating under its current name. The airline was started by a group of businessmen led by Andres Soriano, hailed as one of the Philippines' leading industrialists at the time, who served as its general manager, and former Senator Ramon Fernandez, who served as its chairman and president.
The airline’s first flight took place on March 15, 1941 with a single Beechcraft Model 18 NPC-54 on daily services between Manila (from Nielson Field) and Baguio.[5] On July 22, the airline acquired the franchise of the Philippine Aerial Taxi Company. Government investment in September paved the way for its nationalization.
PAL services were interrupted during World War II, which lasted in the Philippines from 1942 to 1945. Upon the outbreak of the Pacific War on December 8, 1941, the two Model 18s and their pilots were pressed into military service. They were used to evacuate American fighter pilots to Australia until one was shot down over Mindanao and the other was destroyed on the ground in an air raid in Surabaya, Indonesia.[6]
On February 14, 1946, PAL resumed operations after a five-year hiatus with service to 15 domestic points with five Douglas DC-3s and a payroll of 108 names. Philippine Airlines returned to its original home, the Nielsen Airport in Makati. The airport, heavily damaged during the war, was refurbished and modernized by PAL at a hefty cost of over one million pesos, quickly becoming the official port of entry for air passengers into the Philippines. The airport was operated by Manila International Air Terminal, Inc., a wholly-owned PAL subsidiary.
On July 31, 1946, PAL became the first Asian airline to cross the Pacific Ocean when a chartered Douglas DC-4 ferried 40 American servicemen to Oakland, California from Nielson Airport with stops in Guam, Wake Island, Johnston Atoll and Honolulu.[5] A regular service between Manila and San Francisco was started in December the same year.[5] It was during this time that the airline was designated as the country’s flag carrier.[7]
PAL commenced service to Europe in 1947 with the acquisition of more Douglas DC-4s.[5] By 1948 PAL had absorbed the only other scheduled airlines in the Philippines, Far Eastern Air Transport and Commercial Air Lines.[8] Following the government's decision to convert Nichols Field in Pasay City, the site of a former U.S. Air Force base, into a new international airport for Manila, PAL was required to move its base of operations and passenger terminal there from Nielsen Airport. The transfer was accomplished over a five-month period from January 31 to June 28, 1948, with PAL investing an additional P600,000 in ground installations and improvements to Nichols Field.
In 1951, PAL leased a DC-3 named "Kinsei" to Japan Airlines, which led to the founding of the country's own national airline.[9] In 1954, the Philippine government suspended all long-haul international flights, only to resume five years later, when the government decided that it was a matter of national policy. In three years, PAL started services to Hong Kong, Bangkok, and Taipei using Convair 340s[5] that would later be replaced by the Vickers Viscount 784, which brought the airline into the turboprop age.
[edit] First expansion and modernization
In the 1960s, PAL entered the jet age, initially with a lone Boeing 707 that was later replaced with Douglas DC-8 aircraft leased from KLM Royal Dutch Airlines.[5] The aircraft were used for long-haul international flights to Europe and the United States. The DC-3 remained the mainstay of domestic services as it expanded to a total of 72 points as airports were improved or opened, but most of the airline's rural air service was later stopped in May 1964. Two years later, PAL commenced its first turbojet services to Cebu, Bacolod, and Davao using the BAC1-11.[5] In addition, PAL was also privatized, as the Philippine government relinquished its share in PAL after Benigno Toda, Jr., then-PAL chairman, acquired a majority stake in the airline.[5]
When President Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law in 1972, he implemented a one-airline policy. PAL was the lone surviving airline, absorbing Air Manila and Filipinas Orient Airways. On March 10, 1973 PAL was re-designated as the national flag carrier.[8] PAL continued its expansion with the arrival of its first Douglas DC-10 in July 1974.[5] Three years later, the Philippine government re-nationalized PAL, with the Government Service Insurance System holding a majority of PAL shares. In 1979, the Boeing 727, the Boeing 747-200 and the Airbus A300B4, dubbed the "Love Bus", joined the PAL fleet,[5] while the PAL DC-8 fleet was retired.[6]
Between 1979 and 1981, as part of a comprehensive modernization program led by then-President Roman A. Cruz, PAL built a series of mammoth aviation-related facilities around the periphery of the MIA. These included the PAL Technical Center, the PAL Inflight Center, the PAL Data Center and the PAL Aviation School.
On April 2, 1982, a PAL Boeing 747 arriving from San Francisco via Honolulu became the first aircraft to dock at the new 800-million peso Terminal 1 of Manila International Airport. PAL would later strengthen its cargo-handling capability by building a dedicated cargo terminal building adjacent to the MIA passenger terminal and installing cargo-refrigeration equipment in 1983. The new facilities, which catered mainly to international cargo services, enabled PAL to become a fully equipped cargo handler. Services to Paris and Zürich began in November 1982.
Following the 1986 EDSA Revolution, Dante G. Santos became PAL president. He launched a massive modernization of the domestic fleet with the acquisition of the Short 360, nicknamed the "Sunriser", in May 1987, the Fokker 50 in August 1988 and the Boeing 737-300 jet in August 1989.[5]
As the Manila domestic passenger terminal outgrew its capacity and ramp aircraft parking space became more scarce, PAL leased the hangar of the Philippine Aerospace Development Corporation and converted it into the PAL Domestic Terminal 2. The terminal, which opened in October 1988, exclusively served passengers flying to destinations serviced by PAL's Airbus A300s: namely, Cebu and Davao, with General Santos and Puerto Princesa added later on. At the same time, PAL also expanded and improved the existing terminal. The opening of the new facility cleared out the old terminal and provided greater convenience to passengers.
[edit] Re-privatization and second expansion
PAL was privatized again in January 1992, when the government sold a 67% share of PAL to a holding company called PR Holdings. However, a conflict as to who would lead PAL led to a compromise in 1993, when former Agriculture Secretary Carlos G. Dominguez was elected PAL president by the airline's board of directors. The fleet of BAC1-11s were retired in May 1992, following completion of the deliveries of Boeing 737s, and the Short 360s in September. In November 1993, PAL acquired its first Boeing 747-400. The new aircraft arrived at Subic Bay International Airport and was carrying then-President Fidel V. Ramos, who was headed home from the United States after an official visit.[5] The 200-ton aircraft, one of the world's largest and most popular long-range aircraft continues to be the mainstay of PAL's trans-Pacific services and its flagship aircraft. A new service between Manila and Osaka, launched in 1994, brought to 34 the number of points in PAL's international route network.
The PAL Domestic Terminal 2 was refurbished in 1995, with a number of facilities being added or improved, including a renovated Mabuhay Lounge, an exclusive check-in counter for Mabuhay Class passengers, an Express Counter, refreshment bar, a medical clinic, an expansive waiting lounge and two baggage carousels in the arrival section. PAL facilities at NAIA were also renovated. The total cost for the renovation of the domestic terminal (1 and 2) reached P33.15 million while the NAIA renovation totaled P125 million.
In January 1995, Lucio C. Tan, the majority shareholder of PR Holdings, became the new chairman and CEO of the airline.[5] The delivery of the carrier's fourth Boeing 747-400 in April 1996 signaled the start of an ambitious US$4 billion modernization and refleeting program that aimed to make PAL one of Asia's best airlines within three years. The centerpiece of the program was the acquisition of 36 state-of-the-art aircraft from Airbus and Boeing between 1996 to 1999. The refleeting sought to give PAL the distinction of having the youngest fleet in Asia and allow the expansion of its domestic and international route network. The 36 orders of PAL during its refleeting program were for eight Boeing 747-400, four Airbus 340-300, eight Airbus 330-300 and twelve Airbus 320-200. The refleeting program enabled PAL to be dubbed the first airline in the world to operate the full range of new-generation Airbus aircraft.[10]
[edit] Asian financial crisis
In 1997, PAL rebranded itself as "Asia's sunniest airline" to cap its new marketing and advertising thrust. In addition to its refleeting program, PAL commenced service to New York City (using Newark Liberty International Airport) via Vancouver. However, this caused the airline to be financially unstable, having acquired too many aircraft while matching them to unprofitable routes. The refleeting program was about halfway through when the full impact of the Asian financial crisis struck the airline industry early in 1998. By March 31, 1997, at the end of the 1996-1997 fiscal year, PAL had reported its largest annual loss of P8.08 billion.
PAL's financial difficulties were compounded by a series of labor disputes that began when the pilots' union staged a three-week strike in June 1998. This was followed by a strike by the ground personnel union on July 22, which ended four days later with the signing of a deal between the union and management. However, PAL's lingering financial troubles continued to take their toll and on June 19, 1998, the company filed for receivership with the Securities and Exchange Commission, which then appointed a committee to oversee the rehabilitation of the flag carrier. Services to Europe, under the helm of General Manager Heinz van Opstal, were discontinued, with staff dismissals and the closure of PAL's European offices. The airline downsized its operations as the Asian financial crisis dragged the region's once-vibrant economies into recession in 1998. The PAL fleet was reduced from 53 to 22 aircraft with the elimination of all turboprop aircraft, eliminating its rural air service and causing the dismantling of its Cebu City hub. With massive lay-offs also taking place, disputes between the airline’s owners and the employee’s union led to a complete shutdown of PAL's operations on September 23, 1998, the first Asian airline to do so and one of the largest corporate failures in Philippine history.[11] Cathay Pacific temporarily took over PAL's domestic and international operations during its fourteen-day shutdown,[12] with Cathay Pacific also showing interest in acquiring a 40-percent stake in PAL during this period. However, no agreement was reached.[13]
PAL flew once again on October 7, 1998 after an agreement between PAL employees and top management, reported to be facilitated by then-President Joseph Estrada, was reached, with services to 15 domestic points out of Manila. On October 29, the flag carrier resumed international services with flights to Los Angeles and San Francisco, with other international services being restored three weeks later.[8] Asian services resumed on November 11 with flights to Tokyo and Hong Kong. PAL gradually expanded its network over the next two months, restoring services to Taipei, Osaka (via Cebu), Singapore, Fukuoka, Dhahran, Riyadh and Seoul. With the aviation industry still in the doldrums, PAL continued to search for a strategic partner but in the end, it submitted a "standalone" rehabilitation plan to the SEC on December 7, 1998. The plan provides a sound basis for the airline to undertake a recovery on its own while keeping the door open to the entry of a strategic partner in the future. PAL presented the new proposed rehabilitation plan to its major creditors during a two-week marathon meeting that started on February 15 in Washington D.C. and ended on March 1 in Hong Kong.
In 1999, PAL submitted its amended rehabilitation plan to the Securities and Exchange Commission that comprised a revised business plan and a revised financial restructuring plan. The plan also required the infusion of US$200 million in new equity, with 40% to 60% coming from financial investors and translating to no less than 90% ownership of PAL. That same year, with the unprecedented boom in air travel, PAL operations were moved to the new Centennial Terminal 2 of Ninoy Aquino International Airport, located at the site of the old MIA terminal building. On August 9, 1999, PAL moved selected domestic flights to the P5.3 billion terminal. Full domestic operations operated from the new terminal on August 10, while international services followed soon after, thus consolidating PAL's flight operations in one terminal for the first time.[5]
[edit] Receivership and rehabilitation
In 2000, PAL finally returned to profitability, making some P44.2 million in its first year of rehabilitation, breaking some six years of heavy losses. On September 1, 2000, PAL formally handed over its ownership of its maintenance and engineering division to German-led joint venture Lufthansa Technik Philippines (LTP), the world's largest provider of aircraft maintenance services in accordance with the provisions of its rehabilitation plan, which mandates the disposal of the airline's non-core assets.[5] In August of the same year, PAL opened an e-mail booking facility. In 2001, PAL continued to gain a net profit of P419 million in its second year of rehabilitation. In this year alone, PAL restored services to Bangkok, Taipei, Sydney, Busan, Jakarta, Vancouver and Ho Chi Minh City[5], while launching new services to Shanghai and Melbourne. A year later, PAL restored services to Guam and Tagbilaran.[14]
The Mabuhay Miles frequent flyer program was launched in 2002, combining PAL's former frequent flyer programs, PALSmiles, Mabuhay Club, and the Flying Sportsman (now SportsPlus) all into one. The PAL RHUSH (Rapid Handling of Urgent Shipments) Cargo service was also re-launched during the same year.[5] An online arrival and departure facility and a new booking system was then launched in 2003. In December, PAL also acquired a fifth Boeing 747-400.[5]
In 2004, PAL launched services to Las Vegas to mark its 63rd year of service. PAL also returned to Laoag and started services to Macau on codeshare with Air Macau. The airline also saw its return to Europe with the return of the airline to Paris and Amsterdam on agreements with Air France and KLM.[15] Service to Paris, however, was inevitably cut due to the formation of Air France-KLM. PAL also continued an overhaul of its fleet with the arrival of two new Airbus A320s and continued modernizing its ticketing systems with the launch of electronic ticketing. For the first time in Philippine history, the airline flew President-elect Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo and Vice-President-elect Noli de Castro to their inauguration in Cebu City. Arroyo rode a chartered PAL Airbus A330-300, while de Castro was aboard a separate Airbus A320.
In March 2005, PAL started services to Nagoya and restored scheduled flights to Beijing after a 15-year hiatus. In response to rival Cebu Pacific's increasing domestic market share, mainly due to its massive re-fleeting program[16] and the its own aging Boeing 737 fleet, PAL signed an agreement for the purchase and lease of up to 18 brand-new Airbus A319s and A320s from Airbus and GE Capital Aviation Services (GECAS) on December 6, 2005.
The first brand-new, GECAS-leased Airbus A319s were delivered to and inaugurated by PAL and President Arroyo in October 20, 2006. It is the first aircraft in the airline's history to offer AVOD-capable inflight entertainment. Later in December, the airline initiated its wide-body re-fleeting program by signing a deal with Boeing in Honolulu for the purchase of two Boeing 777-300ER aircraft to be delivered in 2009, with an option to purchase two more planes in 2011. PAL also signed a separate agreement with GECAS to lease another two Boeing 777-300ER aircraft for delivery in 2010. The purchase of the new 777s effectively canceled previous orders for new 747-400s, ending the production of said aircraft.[17][18]
In February 2007, PAL became the country's only airline to meet the IATA Operational Safety Audit (IOSA). IOSA is the first global standard for airline operational safety auditing.[19] Later, on June 27, 2007, PAL announced its interest in opening a new hub at Diosdado Macapagal International Airport in Angeles City by committing a $50 million investment on airport infrastructure, as well as proposed routes from Angeles City to Korea, Japan and China. The future PAL terminal at the DMIA would be able to accommodate the Airbus A380. While construction is scheduled to start in January 2008,[20] it is unclear whether or not construction is underway.
On July 2, 2007, PAL purchased two of the three Bombardier Q300 aircraft ordered by its subsidiary Air Philippines for delivery in November the same year. This move was caused by competition among Philippine carriers to service flights to Malay, home to the tropical island of Boracay.[21]. PAL later signed a memorandum of understanding that opens the way for the introduction of flights to the southwestern Chinese city of Chongqing.[22] Service to Chongqing began on March 14, 2008, while service to Chengdu commenced on March 18.
The Securities and Exchange Commission, on October 4, 2007, ordered the release of PAL from receivership. This move came nine years after coming within proximity of liquidation amid mounting bills due to the Asian financial crisis. Moments after PAL’s formal exit from rehabilitation, the airline announced plans to attract foreign investments through an international road show to tour around Asia, Europe and North America.[23]
Philippine Airlines was named "Airline Turnaround of the Year" for 2006 and 2007 by the Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation for its "strategic contribution to the aviation industry through a significant transformation by successfully restructuring its operations through innovative cost-cutting measures resulting in operating profits".[24] [25]
[edit] Post-receivership and contemporary history
Despite PAL's successful exit from receivership, with the downgrading of the standard of Philippine aviation by the United States Federal Aviation Administration from Category 1 to Category 2 in January 2008, PAL president Jaime Bautista stated that as a consequence of the downgrading, its 2008 growth targets would be lowered. The FAA decision prevents PAL from increasing its flights to the United States from 33 per week or from switching the type of aircraft used unless the airline undertakes a wet-lease agreement with a different carrier.[26] This is in spite of PAL efforts to expand its presence in the US market by opening new service to San Diego and restarting service to Chicago and New York City,[26] as well as Saipan.
On March 31, 2008, PAL announced that it had ordered nine aircraft from Bombardier Aerospace: namely three 50-seater Bombardier Q300 and six 78-seater Bombardier Q400 aircraft at an estimated value of $150 million,[27] all in preparation for the launch of PAL Express, its new regional subsidiary, which was unveiled on April 14, 2008. Using the recently-ordered fleet, PAL Express will primarily fly intra-regional routes in the Visayas and Mindanao from Cebu City, as well as secondary routes to smaller airports in island provinces that are not able to accommodate PAL’s regular jet aircraft. The launch of PAL Express is a ground-breaking step for PAL as it not only marks the first time it is launching a sub-brand in its history but also marks the return of turboprop aircraft to the PAL fleet since the Asian financial crisis. PAL Express operations began on May 5, with eight flights daily between Manila and Malay. Hub operations from Cebu City commenced on May 19 with flights between Cebu and five points in the Visayas and Mindanao,[28] while service to other destinations, including many destinations formerly served by PAL prior to the Asian financial crisis, are scheduled to begin in June and July.[29]
[edit] Corporate management
Philippine Airlines is owned by PAL Holdings (PSE: PAL), a holding company responsible for the airline's operations. PAL Holdings is in turn part of a group of companies owned by business tycoon Lucio Tan. PAL is the thirteenth-largest corporation in the Philippines in terms of revenue and the twenty-first largest in terms of assets, as stated in the Philippines' Top 500 Largest Corporations of 2005. As of January 2005, PAL employs a total of 7,322 regular employees, including 450 pilots and 1300 cabin crew.[30] PAL is the sixty-first largest airline in the world in terms of revenue passenger kilometers flown, with over 16 million flown for 21 million available seat kilometers, an average load factor of 76 percent.[31]
For the fiscal year ending on March 31, 2007, Philippine Airlines reported a net income of US$140.3 million, the largest profit in its 66-year history.[32] This allowed it to exit receivership in October. PAL is forecasting net profit to reach $32.32 million for the fiscal year ending on March 31, 2008, $26.28 million in 2009 and $47.41 million in 2010.
[edit] Major facilities
Philippine Airlines operates several aviation facilities in the Philippines. These include various training facilities for pilots and cabin crew, catering services, as well as a data center and a flight simulator[33].
[edit] Training facilities
Philippine Airlines maintains training facilities both for its pilots and other crew. This is composed of both the PAL Aviation School, the PAL Technical Center and the PAL Learning Center.
The PAL Aviation School, located within the premises of Diosdado Macapagal International Airport, provides flight training for its own operations and as well as for other airlines, the Philippine government and individual students. It currently operates five Cessna 172Rs and a Piper Seminole for student pilots' training with complete training facilities including simulators for the Boeing 737 and for turboprop aircraft. More than 5,000 students graduated from the PAL Aviation School, eventually joining the ranks of pilots at PAL and other airlines.
The PAL Learning Center, located in Manila, serves as the integrated center for Philippine Airlines' flight deck crew, cabin crew, catering, technical, ticketing and ground personnel.
[edit] Airport and cargo services
PAL also maintains integrated airport ground handling services, cargo operations and a full catering service for it and other airlines.[34] This is composed of PAL Airport Services, Philippine Airlines Cargo and the PAL Inflight Center.
Based at both the Centennial Terminal (Terminal 2) and International Cargo Terminal of Ninoy Aquino International Airport, PAL Airport Services offers ground handling for seven international airlines calling at Manila, while Philippine Airlines Cargo processes and ships an average of 200 tons of Manila publications and 2 tons of mail daily throughout the country and 368 tons of cargo abroad daily.
Established in 1979, the PAL Inflight Center is the site of fully equipped in-flight kitchens and catering center of Philippine Airlines which also offer catering services for Japan Airlines, China Airlines, Korean Air and Northwest Airlines, producing some 6,500 meals daily.
[edit] PAL Data Center
Located in Pasay City, the PAL Data Center is the headquarters of the airline's information systems department, communications engineering and information technology hub. The center is the core of the Philippine Airlines' operations, having one of the most extensive computer systems and radio communications networks in the Philippines.[35]
[edit] PAL Flight Simulator
Located at the PAL Maintenance Base Complex in Pasay City, the PAL flight simulator, designed to simulate a Boeing 737, can duplicate all flight conditions complete with sound and visual system capability for day, dusk and night operations.[33] Due to PAL removing the 737 series from its fleet, it has placed the flight simulator for sale.[36]
[edit] Destinations
- Further information: Philippine Airlines destinations
Philippine Airlines operates a hub-and-spoke route network out of its two hubs in Manila and Cebu. Virtually all PAL routes are operated from its hubs, with the majority of routes operating from Manila. Domestically, PAL flies to major Philippine cities from Manila and Cebu, while internationally, it flies between Manila (Cebu to a lesser extent) and cities in the Asia-Pacific region, with additional service to the United States, Canada and Australia. Many destinations served by PAL, especially destinations in the United States, Canada and Australia, are areas with large overseas Filipino populations.
PAL currently operates two non-hub routes, Vancouver-Las Vegas and Singapore-Jakarta. In the past, PAL operated a number of domestic and international non-hub routes (most notably Iloilo-General Santos, Vancouver-New York and Zürich-Paris), as well as non-stop services to destinations in Europe and extensive domestic operations; these services were discontinued in light of the Asian financial crisis. Some of its previous domestic operations: namely, service from Manila to Naga, Dumaguete and Tuguegarao, have been taken over by Air Philippines, while others have been taken over by other airlines or stopped altogether. Service to the Middle East continued after the Asian financial crisis; however, this was also eventually discontinued due to high fuel prices and an oversupply of seats, as well as intense competition from Middle Eastern carriers. PAL discontinued service to Riyadh, its last Middle Eastern destination, on March 2, 2006.[37]
After exiting from receivership, PAL has expressed interest in increasing its frequencies to Canada and China and introducing flights to Cambodia, Nepal, Myanmar and New Zealand, expand its presence in the United States by commencing service to Saipan and San Diego, as well as restore service to Chicago and New York City,[38] and restoring service to India and Europe,[39][40] as well as the Middle East.[41]
[edit] New routes
[edit] Cebu
- Thrice daily service to Davao City, Davao del Sur begins July 1, 2008 (operated by PAL Express)
- Twice daily service to Iloilo City, Iloilo begins July 1, 2008 (operated by PAL Express)
- Once daily service to Cagayan de Oro City, Misamis Oriental begins July 5, 2008 (operated by PAL Express)
- Thrice weekly service to Dipolog City, Zamboanga del Norte begins July 5, 2008 (operated by PAL Express)
- Four times weekly service to Ozamiz City, Misamis Occidental begins July 5, 2008 (operated by PAL Express)
- Once daily service to Zamboanga City begins July 5, 2008 (operated by PAL Express)
[edit] Davao
[edit] Manila
- Service to Cauayan City, Isabela begins July 21, 2008 (operated by PAL Express)
- Service to Surigao City, Surigao del Norte begins July 21, 2008 (operated by PAL Express)
- Service to Virac, Catanduanes begins July 21, 2008 (operated by PAL Express)
- Service to Calbayog City, Samar begins July 26, 2008 (operated by PAL Express)
- Service to San Fernando City, La Union begins July 26, 2008 (operated by PAL Express)
- Service to San Jose, Occidental Mindoro begins July 26, 2008 (operated by PAL Express)
[edit] Fleet
Philippine Airlines currently operates a total fleet of thirty-six modern widebody aircraft and an all-Airbus fleet of narrowbodied passenger aircraft. PAL also operates, through PAL Express, a fleet of nine turboprop aircraft. As of January 1, 2008, the average age of aircraft in the fleet is 7.7 years.
PAL is the world's fifth youngest operator of the Airbus A319-100, with a fleet age of 0.6 years.
| Aircraft | Total | Passengers (Mabuhay/Fiesta) |
Routes | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Airbus A319-100 | 4 | 134 (8/126) | Domestic/international short haul Domestic, Asia |
All fitted with new interior and Mabuhay class with AVOD and IFE |
| Airbus A320-200 | 15 (11 orders) |
150 (12/138) 156 (12/144) |
Domestic/international short haul Domestic, Asia, Guam |
To be delivered: 2008-2012 Newer aircraft have been fitted with new interior and new Mabuhay Class with AVOD and IFE |
| Airbus A330-300 | 8 | 302 (42/260) | High-capacity domestic/international short-medium haul Domestic, Asia, Australia, Guam |
|
| Airbus A340-300 | 4 | 264 (44/220) | High-capacity domestic/international short-long haul Domestic, Asia, Guam, North America |
All aircraft to undergo refurbishment, to be completed by 2009 |
| Boeing 747-400 | 4 | 433 (50/383) | High-capacity domestic/international short-long haul Domestic, Asia, Guam, North America |
All aircraft to undergo refurbishment, to be completed by 2009 |
| Boeing 747-400M | 1 | 398 (72/326) | High-capacity domestic/international short-long haul Domestic, Asia, Guam, North America |
All aircraft to undergo refurbishment, to be completed by 2009 |
| Boeing 777-300ER | (4 orders) (2 lease orders) |
365 | Ultra long haul | Entry into service: 2009 |
| Bombardier Dash 8 300 | 3 | 50 (0/50) | Domestic short haul Domestic |
Operated by: PAL Express |
| Bombardier Dash 8 400 | 1 (5 orders) | 76 (0/76) | Domestic short haul Domestic |
Operated by: PAL Express |
[edit] Future fleet
In May 2006, Philippine Airlines announced its medium-term fleet plan, covering fiscal years 2006 to 2011. The plan aims to increase and/or replace the current fleet with new additional aircraft for a complete fleet of 43 wide and narrow bodied aircraft at the culmination of the re-fleeting and expansion program. A major overhaul of the narrow-bodied fleet includes the phase-out of all remaining Boeing 737 aircraft by October 2007, maintaining instead a fleet of 20 brand-new Airbus A320-family aircraft from 2008 onwards. The wide-body fleet plan also seeks to increase the current medium-haul fleet of eight Airbus A330 aircraft with two additional aircraft between 2007 and 2009, and the long-haul fleet of five Boeing 747 and four Airbus A340 with six additional aircraft between 2007 and 2011.
On December 6, 2006, PAL signed an agreement with Boeing for two Boeing 777-300ER aircraft, with a purchase agreement for two more aircraft. A separate agreement to lease two additional 777-300ERs from General Electric Capital Aviation Services (GECAS) was signed as well. Delivery of the four 777s will commence in 2009. In May 2007, PAL exercised its rights to purchase an additional two 777s for delivery in 2011.[17][18] However, the recent downgrading of the Philippines' air safety standards by the FAA may delay the deliveries of the new aircraft, as conceded by PAL management.
As part of its domestic expansion plan, PAL has also acquired a fleet of nine Bombardier Dash 8 aircraft, three Q300s and six Q400s, for the use of PAL Express.[42] Likewise, Philippine Airlines has also shown interest in acquiring next-generation aircraft such as the Airbus A380, the Airbus A350, the Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental and the Boeing 787 Dreamliner.
[edit] Former fleet
[edit] Fleet maintenance
The entire Philippine Airlines fleet of Airbus and Boeing jets were formerly maintained in-house at the PAL Technical Center, which consists of two hangars which contain an engine overhaul shop, two engine test cells and test shops. The responsibility of maintaining the fleet, as well as all the facilities, was subsequently transferred in 2000 to Lufthansa Technik Philippines (LTP), a joint venture of Hamburg-based Lufthansa Technik AG, a leading maintenance provider in aircraft maintenance, repair and overhaul, and Macro Asia Corporation, one of the Philippines' leading providers of aviation support services and catering for foreign airlines, owned by Lucio Tan, the majority owner of PAL. LTP currently maintains a four-bay hangar and workshops occupying 110,000 square meters in Manila’s Ninoy Aquino International Airport.[43]
[edit] Brand
[edit] Logo
The Philippine Airlines logo has gone under four incarnations in the entire length of its operations. The first logo incorporated a blue oval with "PAL" superimposed in white letters, a four-pointed star whose points intersect behind the "A" in the PAL initials, and a wing whose position varied depending on the location of the logo (the wing points to the right if located on the left side of the plane, left if on the right side). A variant of this logo used a globe instead in the blue oval with the PAL initials superimposed. This logo would be in use from the 1950s until the mid-1960s, when it would be replaced by a second logo.
The second logo adopted a blue triangle (with the bottom point missing) and a red triangle superimposed upon it, enclosed by a circle. In the mid-1970s, a third logo, which removed the circle, was introduced. The typeface used in the third logo was later applied to the second logo, which remained the official PAL logo until 1986, when it would be replaced by its current logo.
The current PAL logo features the same two blue and red triangles used in the second and third logos. However, a yellow sun, reminiscent of the flag of the Philippines, was superimposed on top of the blue triangle, and a new Helvetica typeface was used.
[edit] Livery
PAL liveries have undergone many incarnations. The first PAL aircraft bore a simple white-top, silver-bottom livery separated by solid straight cheatlines, with a small Philippine flag superimposed on the tail. The name "Philippine Air Lines" was superimposed in the upper forward portion of the fueselage and the PAL logo was located in the back. Later variants of the livery, especially on PAL jet aircraft, made use of an extended Philippine flag as cheatlines, with the PAL logo superimposed on the tail. By this time, the name "Philippine Airlines" was used in the livery.[44]
Another variant of the original livery used by PAL is somewhat similar to the current livery used today. However, it uses PAL's third logo on the tail with blue, white and red cheatlines running the center of the fuselage. Later on, the bottom half of the fuselage was also painted white.
The current eurowhite livery, first used with the Short 360, was adopted in 1986 following PAL's corporate rebranding. This livery has the name "Philippines" superimposed on the forward portion of the fuselage in italics (using the PAL logo typeface), while the tail is painted with the logo and the Philippine flag is visible near the rear of the aircraft. The PAL logo is also painted on the winglets of aircraft that feature them. The name "Philippines" was used instead of "Philippine Airlines" to denote that PAL is the primary flag carrier of the Philippines. However, this has led to confusion, leading some to believe that a PAL plane, especially when charted by the President for official or state visits, is in fact the Philippine "Air Force One".
[edit] Slogans and advertising
- Mabuhay
- Asia's First Airline
- Welcome Aboard the Philippines
- Shining Through
- On the Wings of Change
- Asia's Sunniest
- With You All the Way
- It's About Experience - is the current tagline of the airline and was introduced after its 60th Anniversary. It attempts to highlight the fact that PAL is the first and longest-serving airline in Asia under its original name. The slogan was also used in the airline's ad spot featuring Kevyn Lettau, which incidentally featured her song, "Sunlight."
- Love at 30,000 Feet is the de facto theme song of the airline. It was composed by Jose Mari Chan and is still being used today. The song has many variations, including a version for the PAL's Swingaround tour package advertisement.
- Clearly no. 1
[edit] Mabuhay Miles
Mabuhay Miles is the Philippine Airlines frequent flyer program. It was established in 2002 by merging all existing PAL frequent flyer programs prior to the Asian financial crisis: namely, PALsmiles, the Mabuhay Club and the Flying Sportsman, with PALsmiles and Mabuhay Club members being moved to the new program on August 1, 2002.[45] The Flying Sportsman program was subsequently transformed into SportsPlus, a three-tiered, subscription-based program which gives extra baggage allocations for sports equipment on PAL flights, aimed specifically at golfers, bowlers, scuba divers, tennis and badminton players, anglers and cyclists. The SportsPlus program is available only to Mabuhay Miles base members, as Mabuhay Miles members on higher membership tiers automatically receive SportsPlus privileges.
Mabuhay Miles members earn miles that can be redeemed at face value on most Philippine Airlines-operated flights, as well as on code-shared routes of partner airlines. Some promotional fares and all flights operated by both Air Philippines and PAL Express, however, are ineligible to earn miles. Miles may also be earned by patronizing the services of Mabuhay Miles partners, or by purchasing miles. Membership tiers include Mabuhay Miles Base, Elite, Premium Elite and Million Miler.
| Tier Level | Benefits | Requirements |
|---|---|---|
| Base |
|
1,000 Miles on eligible published fares with Philippine Airlines and partners. |
| Elite |
|
25,000 miles or 30 one way segments in Fiesta class or 15 one way segments in First or Mabuhay class within a calendar year |
| Premier Elite |
|
45,000 miles or 50 one way segments in Fiesta class or 25 one way segments in First or Mabuhay class within a calendar year |
| Million Miller |
|
1,000,000 miles accumulated from the beginning of one's membership |
As of October 22, 2004, Philippine Airlines has 27 Million Milers.[46]
[edit] Mabuhay Lounge
The Mabuhay Lounge is the Philippine Airlines airport lounge, serving passengers flying First Class and Mabuhay Class on Philippine Airlines flights, as well as members of the Mabuhay Miles Elite and Premier Elite membership tiers. There are eleven Mabuhay Lounges,[47] with one each in Bacolod City, Iloilo City and General Santos City in the Philippines, and in Los Angeles and San Francisco internationally. There are two lounges at PAL's hubs in Manila and Cebu City, as well as in Davao City, with each lounge respectively catering to PAL's domestic and international passengers.
All Mabuhay Lounges offer light meals and refreshments. At the Mabuhay Lounges in Manila and Cebu City, as well as in Bacolod and Iloilo, amenities include large plasma-screen televisions, a business center equipped with telephones, a fax machine and personal computers with free, unlimited Internet access, as well as massage services. Wi-Fi internet service is available exclusively at the Mabuhay Lounges in Manila and Cebu City.[47]
[edit] Codeshare agreements
Philippine Airlines has codeshare agreements with the following airlines as of April 2008:[48]
[edit] Cabin service
Philippine Airlines currently offers bi-class services on most aircraft, and mono-class service on selected Airbus A320-200 aircraft. The airline's inflight magazine, Mabuhay,[50] is available in all classes. In 2006, in commemoration with the 60th anniversary of the First Transpacific Crossing by an Asian Airline, Philippine Airlines launched One by One in its First Class and Mabuhay Class service onboard transpacific flights. The new inflight meal service method recreates the "A la Carte" service where passengers can select their own meal from a variety of choices. "On Demand" service allows passengers to partake of their meals anytime during the flight.[51]
[edit] Mabuhay Class (business class)
Mabuhay Class seats, available on all wide-bodied, A319 and most A320 aircraft offer increased legroom, advanced seat ergonomics and personal screens (older A320s do not feature personal screens and instead they have drop-down LCD screens). The food service offers a selection of Western, Filipino and Japanese Kaiseki dishes offered on Japan-bound flights. The Mabuhay Class seats in the Airbus A319 and newer Airbus A320s offer Audio-Video On Demand,[52] laptop power supply with a seat pitch of 39 inches (990 mm). Currently, Philippine Airlines is the only local carrier to offer business class on domestic flights. Amenity kits with toothpaste, hairbrush, knitted socks, slumber mask and toiletries from BVLGARI are provided on long-haul flights.[53]
[edit] Fiesta Class (economy class)
On long-haul flights, a basic amenity kit with toothpaste, slumber mask and socks is distributed to passengers.[54] Like the economy class seats in other carriers, the passenger's footrests and tray tables are found in the seat in front of them except for bulkhead and exit seats, where the tray tables are embedded in the seats and footrests are on the floor. All widebody aircraft in PAL's fleet have large video and smaller LCD screens mounted in certain parts of the cabin as well as overhead TV screens. A319s and A320s have drop down LCD screens. [52] All aircraft feature rolling audio entertainment to Fiesta Class passengers.
[edit] Enhanced cabin
Philippine Airlines is the first airline in Asia to feature an enhanced cabin in its Airbus A320 family aircraft.[55] The Mabuhay and Fiesta class seats in the A319 and upcoming A320s are fitted with sky blue upholstery with a wave-pattern in aqua blue and terracotta. The laminates at the fore and rear sections of the aircraft are decorated with a palm tree landscape design and the curtains, carpet and surfaces are in various shades of blue, white, gray, silver and tan. [52]
[edit] Cabin modernization plan
In the second half of 2006, PAL announced a cabin reconfiguration project for its Boeing 747-400 and Airbus A340-300 aircraft. The airline is spending USD$85.7 million to remove the first-class section and increase the size of its business featuring cocoon-type lie-flat seats and economy cabins. Also, personal screens with AVOD will be made available comprehensively across both cabin classes. The cabin reconfiguration project is scheduled to begin in the third quarter of 2008. The new cabin configuration with the enhanced Mabuhay and Fiesta classes is also expected on the Boeing 777-300ER aircraft on order.[56][57]
[edit] Incidents and accidents
Although Philippine Airlines aircraft have been involved in a string of accidents since its founding in 1941, the majority of airline accidents have occurred with propeller aircraft during the early years of operations. Few PAL jet aircraft have been involved in accidents, the most notable being the explosion onboard Philippine Airlines Flight 434, masterminded by al-Qaeda and precursor to the ill-fated Project Bojinka.
Despite this, PAL is known for being the only airline in the Philippines to be accredited by the International Air Transport Association with passing the IATA Operations Safety Audit (IOSA), having been accredited in February 2007.[58]
| Flight Designation | Date | Aircraft | Location | Description | Casualties[59] |
| N/A | January 24, 1950 | Douglas DC-3 | Iloilo City | The aircraft crashed en route to Mandurriao Airport. | Fatalities: 4 |
| N/A | March 30, 1952 | Douglas DC-3 | Baguio City | The aircraft, with registration number PI-C270 and departing from Loakan Airport, crashed upon takeoff | Fatalities: 10 |
| N/A | January 14, 1954 | Douglas DC-6 | Rome, Italy | Crashed in Ciampino Airport while attempting to land in heavy turbulence, which led to an engine fire. | Fatalities: 16 |
| PR S26 | November 23, 1960 | Douglas DC-3 | Manila | Crashed in Mount Baco while en route to Manila due to poor weather conditions. | Fatalities: 33 |
| PR S85 | December 22, 1960 | Douglas DC-3 | Cebu City | Crashed in Mactan-Cebu International Airport upon takeoff after a failure of the number one engine. | Fatalities: 28 |
| PR 984 | March 2, 1963 | Douglas DC-3 | Davao City | Crashed due to premature descent. | Fatalities: 27 |
| PR 946 | February 21, 1964 | Douglas DC-3 | Marawi City | Crashed due to pilot error upon landing approach. | Fatalities: 31 |
| PR 785 | June 29, 1966 | Douglas DC-3 | Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro | Crashed due to crew error, severe turbulence and strong gusty winds. | Fatalities: 26 |
| PR 345 | February 28, 1967 | Fokker F-27 Friendship | Cebu City | Crashed in Mactan-Cebu International Airport during landing due to an aft center of gravity condition resulting from improper loading. | Fatalities: 12 |
| PR 385 | July 6, 1967 | Fokker F-27 Friendship | Bacolod City | Crashed into a mountain. | Fatalities: 21 |
| PR 158 | September 12, 1969 | BAC One-Eleven | Antipolo City | Crashed short on a hill upon landing approach. | Fatalities: 45 |
| PR 215 | April 21, 1970 | Hawker Siddeley HS 748 | Manila | Crashed in Nichols Field after a bomb exploded in the rear cargo section. | Fatalities: 36 |
| PR 463 | November 28, 1972 | Hawker Siddeley HS 748 | Bislig City | Bounced and swerved on landing. The nosegear, wings and propellers were severely damaged. | None |
| N/A | February 3, 1975 | Hawker Siddeley HS 748 | Manila | Crashed in Nichols Field after a fire developed in the number two engine shortly after takeoff. It was also due to crew error in their inability to deal with a standard emergency. | Fatalities: 33 |
| PR 421 | April 18, 1977 | Douglas DC-8 | Tokyo, Japan | A DC-8-53 named "Champaca" (RP-C803) was written off after a landing accident at Haneda Airport. | None |
| PR 206 | June 27, 1987 | Hawker Siddeley HS 748 | Itogon, Benguet | Crashed in Mount Ugu, fifteen kilometers south of Loakan Airport in Baguio City, due to poor visibility. | Fatalities: 50 |
| N/A | December 13, 1987 | Short 360-300 | Iligan City | Crashed near Maria Cristina Airport. | Fatalities: 15 |
| N/A | July 21, 1989 | BAC One-Eleven | Manila | Crashed at Ninoy Aquino International Airport when the aircraft overran the runway while landing, impacting several vehicles on an adjacent roadway. | Ground Fatalities: 8 |
| PR 143 | May 11, 1990 | Boeing 737-300 | Manila | EI-BZG suffered an explosion in the center fuel tank near the terminal of Ninoy Aquino International Airport while preparing for takeoff. The fire and smoke engulfed the aircraft before it could be completely evacuated. The explosion was similar to what happened to the ill-fated TWA Flight 800 six years later. | Fatalities: 8 |
| PR 434 | December 11, 1994 | Boeing 747-200 | Minami Daito Island, Japan | A small bomb exploded underneath the seat (seat 26K) of Japanese businessman Haruki Ikegami. Ikegami died due to injuries sustained in the explosion, but none of the aircraft's other 293 passengers and crew were killed. The aircraft landed safely. Investigators later found that Ramzi Yousef planted the bomb there to test it out for a terrorist attack he was planning, Project Bojinka. The plan was foiled after an apartment fire in Manila led investigators to the laptop computer and disks containing the plan. | Fatalities: 1 |
| PR 137 | March 22, 1998 | Airbus A320 | Bacolod City | The aircraft overran the runway of Bacolod City Domestic Airport and crashed, plowing through homes near its end. | Ground Fatalities: 3 |
| PR 475 | October 26, 2007 | Airbus A320 | Butuan City | The aircraft, with 148 passengers on board, overshot the runway of Bancasi Airport. | Injuries: 19 |
[edit] Hijackings
- On April 7, 1976, a BAC 1-11 was hijacked by Muslim rebels for seven days, demanding money and the release of imprisoned rebels. The aircraft ended up in Benghazi, Libya.
- On May 23, 1976, Philippine Airlines Flight 116, a BAC One-Eleven en route from Davao to Manila, was hijacked by Muslim rebels, demanding $375,000 and a plane to fly them to Libya. The hijackers subsequently detonated a hand grenade in the cabin, which burned the aircraft and killing 10 passengers and 3 hijackers. The remaining three hijackers were caught and sentenced to death.
- On May 25, 2000, Philippine Airlines Flight 812, en route from Davao to Manila, was hijacked by a man with marital problems. The hijacker was pulled out of the aircraft by a flight attendant and used a homemade parachute in escaping, with none of the other passengers and crew being injured or killed. The hijacker died upon landing in Antipolo City when his parachute failed to deploy.
[edit] Other incidents
- On December 17, 2002, Philippine Airlines Flight 110, an Airbus A330-300 en route to Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport from Ninoy Aquino International Airport struck electrical cables on Nimitz Hill during a localizer approach to Guam.
- On April 7, 2004, Philippine Airlines Flight 847, a Boeing 747-400 en route from Ninoy Aquino International Airport in Manila to Mactan-Cebu International Airport in Cebu was forced to return to Manila after take-off due to technical problems experienced because of a bird that got stuck in the engine. Passengers were stranded at the airport for several hours.
[edit] Gallery
 A Boeing 737-300 in Lumbia Airport in Cagayan de Oro City, Misamis Oriental |
 A Philippine Airlines 747-400 plane at NAIA, taxiing to its gate. |
 A Philippine Airlines flight taxiing to its gate at Incheon International Airport. |
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Philippine Airlines, PhilippineAirlines.com. Accessed November 2007.
- ^ Philippines' National Flag Carrier Standardizes on StarOffice Suite Sun India. Accessed September 2007.
- ^ Philippine Airlines Destinations, Philippine Airlines, accessed September 2007.
- ^ Philippine Airlines Star Ranking information, Airlinequality.com. Accessed September 2007.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Milestones in the History of PAL, Philippine Airlines, accessed September 2007.
- ^ a b About PAL Archive, WebArchive.com
- ^ Philippine Airlines Info Kit 1982, Philippine Airlines. 1982.
- ^ a b c Flight International 12-18 April 2005
- ^ JAL's "Kinsei", Japan Airlines, Accessed April 23, 2008
- ^ PAL acquires 18 Airbus jets in major refleeting move, PhilippineAirlines.com. Accessed January 2007.
- ^ Philippine Airlines collapses, World Socialist Web Site, September 29, 1998
- ^ Cathay Pacific to Run Philippine Airlines
- ^ Cathay Pacific Close To Philippine Air Deal
- ^ PAL flies back to Guam June 21
- ^ PAL gains Europe access with KLM code-share deal, Philippine Airlines Press Release, April 4, 2003
- ^ Cebu turns up the heat, OrientAviation.com. Accessed March 2007.
- ^ a b Philippine Airlines to order Boeing 777s instead of 747s, Flight Global. Accessed November 2006.
- ^ a b Philippine Airlines orders 6 Boeing 777-300ERs for 1.5 bln usd, Forbes. Accessed December 2006.
- ^ PAL now IOSA-Certified, PhilippineAirlines.com. Accessed December 8, 2007.
- ^ PAL eyes $50-M investment at Clark, Philippine Airlines Press Release, June 25, 2007
- ^ PAL buys 2 planes from Air Philippines, Sun.Star Manila, July 2, 2007
- ^ PAL-Chongqing air pact, PhilippineAirlines.com Accessed December 2007.
- ^ PAL eyes foreign investors, sets international road show, Philippine Airlines Press Release, accessed October 2007.
- ^ Best Turnaround Airline, PhilippineAirlines.com. Accessed December 2006.
- ^ Award for Excellence, Philippine Airlines Press Release, accessed November 2007.
- ^ a b Philippine Airlines set to lower targets after FAA downgrade: report, Agence France-Presse, January 16, 2008
- ^ PAL buying 9 Bombardier aircraft, Manila Bulletin, March 30, 2008
- ^ PAL Express unveiled, Philippine Airlines Press Release, April 14, 2008
- ^ PAL Express to fly 22 routes initially, Philippine Airlines Press Release, May 5, 2008
- ^ Philippines' Top 500 Largest Corporations 2005, BizNews Asia. Vol. 4, No.46. January 2007
- ^ PAL makes it to World Airline Rankings, Philippine Daily Inquirer, September 6, 2007
- ^ PAL books record $140-M profit
- ^ a b B737-300 Full Flight Simulator, PhilippineAirlines.com, Accessed April 27, 2008
- ^ Philippine Airlines Cargo,PhilippineAirlines.com, Accessed April 27, 2008
- ^ PHILIPPINE OFFICES
- ^ PAL Material Sales/offers
- ^ PAL suspends Riyadh flights, Philippine Airlines Press Release, January 10, 2006
- ^ PAL still to fly to US despite Category 2, Philippine Airlines Press Release, January 15, 2008
- ^ PAL pulls out all the stops, Orient Aviation, February 2007.
- ^ PAL to focus on fleet renewal, emerging markets, Philippine Airlines Press Release, August 30, 2006.
- ^ Philippines Airlines to restart GCC flights, Bahrain Tribune, June 2, 2008
- ^ PAL buying 9 Bombardier aircraft, Manila Bulletin, May 30, 2008
- ^ Lufthansa Technik Philippines,Accessed April 22, 2008
- ^ PAL BAC 111-518FG One-Eleven
- ^ Mabuhay Miles FAQ, Philippine Airlines, retrieved April 20, 2008
- ^ PAL counts 27 Million Milers, Philippineairlines.com. Accessed January 2007.
- ^ a b Philippine Airlines - Airport Lounges, PhilippineAirlines.com. Accessed April 2008.
- ^ Philippine Airlines Codeshare flights,Philippineairlines.com, accessed April 23, 2008
- ^ Vietnam Airlines AffiliatesVietnamAirlines.com, Accessed April 23, 2008]
- ^ PAL reading,PhilippineAirlines.com, Accessed May 2008
- ^ Diamond year
- ^ a b c PAL Inflight Entertainment, PhilippineAirlines.com, Accessed October 2007.
- ^ Mabuhay (Business) Class - A Journey of Cosmopolitan Bliss, PhilippineAirlines.com, Accessed May, 2008
- ^ PAL onboard Fiesta Class, Service, PhilippineAirlines.com, Accessed October 2007.
- ^ President Arroyo leads rites: PAL rolls out first of 20 new Airbus jets, PhilippineAirlines.com. Accessed January 2007.
- ^ Philippine Airlines Embarks on US$86 MLN Cabin Upgrade,Accessed April 22, 2008
- ^ PAL embarks on P3.5-B cabin upgrade, PhilippineAirlines.com, Accessed May, 2008
- ^ PAL now IOSA-Certified, Philippine Airlines Press Release, February 8, 2007
- ^ ASN Aviation Safety Database', Aviation Safety Network. Accessed December 08, 2007.
[edit] External links
[edit] Official website
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