鞑靼语

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塔塔尔语 / 鞑靼语 татарча, tatarça, تاتارچا‎
通行区：	俄罗斯, 乌克兰, 土耳其, 中国, 芬兰
总使用人数：	8 百万
排名：	95
语言系属分类：	阿尔泰语系突厥语族西突厥语支塔塔尔语 / 鞑靼语
官方地位
作为官方语言的国家或组织：	鞑靼斯坦
管理机构：	无官方机构
语言代码
ISO 639-1：	`tt`
ISO 639-2：	`tat`
ISO 639-3：	`tat`
注意：本頁包含 Unicode 的國際音標

鞑靼语，又称塔塔尔语(Tatarça)，属于阿尔泰语系，本来用西里尔字母，由 2000年起改用土耳其式拉丁字母。是鞑靼地区使用的语言。俄罗斯政府规定鞑靼语采用西里尔字母，但遭到鞑靼斯坦政府强烈反对。

[编辑] 語音系統

[编辑] 母音

韃靼語(Tatar)有十六個母音的字母記號，代表一些可改變的音調。它是一種突厥語族的語言，所以亦遵守元音和諧律，與其在前和後的一些母音字母產生同化作用。

前母音字母: ä [æ~ə], â [æ], e [e], é [ɛ], i [i], ó [ø], ö [œ], ü [y]

後母音字母: a [ɑ~ʌ], á [ɑ], í [ɯɪ], ı [ɯ~ɨ:], o [o~o:], u–ú [u]

因為「í、â、á、ó、ú、é」的用法是不普遍的，所以有時會被「ıy、a、ya、yo、yu、e」所取代。

其中一些母音字母，只能在斯拉夫語(一種外來語)中找到，例如： é、ó、長音調的「o」和長音調的「ı」。尖(重)音的「á、ó、ú」是表示上顎音。可是，在母音的前面，有時會包含一些上顎音的子音字母，即是在隨後標上了「y」。但是，這只是俄國人的外來語問題。

普遍的發音中，有十種母音字母都是韃靼本土的母音字母，包括：「a–ä」、「u–ü」、「í–i」、「o–ö」和「ı–e」。最後兩對「o–ö」和「ı–e」被視為短母音字母，也可以表示長母音的意思，但只限於外來語。[ə]和[ʌ]都不被視為獨立的母音字母；外來語則被視為是後母音字母。

[编辑] 子音

**韃靼語的子音字母**
	雙唇音		唇齒音		齒音		齒齦音	後齒齦音		上顎音	軟顎音		小舌音	聲門閉鎖音
破裂音	p /p/	b /b/			t /t/	d /d/					k /k/	ɡ /ɡ/	q /q/
鼻音	m /m/				n /n/						ñ /ŋ/
摩擦音			f /f/	v /v/	s /s/	z /z/		ş /ʃ/ ç /ɕ/	j /ʒ/ c /ʑ/			ğ /ɣ/		h /h/
顫音							r /r/
Approximant										y /j/ ([j~ɪ])
側音的 approximant								l /l/

Most of these phonemes are common to or have equivalents in all Turkic languages.

The phonemes /f/, /x/ and /ʒ/ were borrowed from Arabic and European languages in the Middle Ages, while /v/ was borrowed in the beginning of 20th century. Differentiation between /h/ and /x/ appeared in the 10th century with the appearance of the word Allah and the strongest influence of Arabic and Persian languages. During the atheistic Soviet period, the occurrence of /h/ greatly reduced.

[编辑] 外來語發音規則

While the consonants [ʒ], [f] and [v] are not native to Tatar, they are well established. However, Tatars usually substitute fricatives for affricates, for example [ʃʲ] for [ʧ], [ʒ] or [ʒʲ] for [ʤ] and [s] for [ʦ]. Nevertheless, literary traditions recommend pronunciation of affricates in loanwords.

[ʔ] (hamza) is a sound found in Arabic loanwords and Islamic prayers. It is usually pronounced as [e] in loanwords.

[编辑] 顎音結構

Palatalisation is not common in the Tatar language. As a result, Tatar speakers have no problem using the Arabic and Jaŋalif scripts, neither of which has an accepted method for indicating palatisation.

In general, Russian words with palatalisation have entered into the speech of bilingual Tatars since the 1930s. When writing in the Cyrillic alphabet Russian words were spelled as they were in the Russian language. In today's Latin orthography, palatalisation is sometimes represented by an acute diacritic under the vowel.

Some Tatars speak Russian without palatalisation, which is known as a Tatar accent.

[编辑] 音節型態

V (ı-lıs, u-ra, ö-rä)
VC (at-law, el-geç, ir-kä)
CV (qa-la, ki-ä, su-la)
CVC (bar-sa, sız-law, köç-le, qoş-çıq)
VCC (ant-lar, äyt-te, ilt-kän)
CVCC (tört-te, qart-lar, 'qayt-qan)

[编辑] 語音重置

Tatar phonotactics dictate many pronunciation changes.

Unrounded vowels may be pronounced as rounded after o or ö:

qorı /qoro/
borın /boron/
közge /közgö/
sorı /soro/)

Nasals are assimilated to following stops:

unber /umber/
mengeç /meñgeç/

Voicing may also undergo assimilation:

küzsez /küssez/

Unstressed vowels may be syncopated or reduced:

urını /urnı/
kilene /kilne/
bezne /bĕzne/
kerdem /kĕrdem/
qırğıç /qĭrğıç/

Vowels may also be elided:

qara urman /qar'urman/
kilä ide /kilä'yde/
turı uram /tur'uram/
bula almím /bul'almím/

In consonant clusters longer than two phones, ı or e (whichever is dictated by vowel harmony) is inserted into speech as an epenthetic vowel.

tekst → /tekest/
bank → /banık/ (not /bañk/)

Final devoicing is also frequent:

tabíb (doctor) → [tabíp]

[编辑] 書寫系統

主条目：Tatar alphabet和Jaŋalif

Some guides in Kazan are in Latin script, especially in fashion boutiques

Tatar has been written in a number of different alphabets.

Writing was adopted from the Bolgar language, which used the Orkhon script, before the 920s. Later, the Arabic alphabet was also used, as well as the Latin and Cyrillic alphabets.

[编辑] 1928年以前

Before 1928 Tatar was written with a variant of the Arabic alphabet (Iske imla ...- 1920; Yanga imla 1920-1928).

[编辑] 1927年—1938年

In Soviet Union Tatar was written with a Latin orthography called Jaŋalif.

[编辑] 西里爾字母化

In Tatarstan (a republic of Russia where Tatar is most commonly used) and all other parts of Russia a Cyrillic alphabet is used to write Tatar; also in Kazakhstan.

[编辑] 現代拉丁字母

一套基于拉丁字母的系统在2000年以后主要被使用在鞑靼斯坦共和国并且主要出现在Internet上，但是由于俄罗斯的法律规定所有的俄罗斯语言必须用西里尔字母书写，最近已经不那么常见了。

鞑靼语西里尔字母
А	а	Ә	ә	Б	б	В	в	Г	г	Д	д	Е	е	(Ё	ё)	Ж	ж	Җ	җ	З	з	И	и	Й	й	К	к	Л	л
М	м	Н	н	Ң	ң	О	о	Ө	ө	П	п	Р	р	С	с	Т	т	У	у	Ү	ү	Ф	ф	Х	х	Һ	һ	Ц	ц
Ч	ч	Ш	ш	(Щ	щ)	Ь	ь	Ы	ы	Ъ	ъ	Э	э	Ю	ю	Я	я

鞑靼语拉丁字母
A	a	Ä	ä	B	b	C	c	Ç	ç	D	d	E	e	F	f	G	g	Ğ	ğ	H	h	I	ı	İ	i	Í	í	J	j
K	k	L	l	M	m	N	n	Ñ	ñ	O	o	Ö	ö	P	p	Q	q	R	r	S	s	Ş	ş	T	t	U	u	Ü	ü
V	v	W	w	X	x	Y	y	Z	z

[编辑] 外部链接

維基百科有此種語言版本：
鞑靼语维基百科

[编辑] 鞑靼语研究

[编辑] 論壇

Tatar mailing list （英文）
Tatar forum（鞑靼语）
IRC channel #tatar on the FreeNode network

[编辑] 歷史及文學

Tatar poetry（鞑靼语）
Tatar myths, including the story of tt:Şüräle （俄文）
Tatar library
Links to other Tatar language resources
Tatars' history in the Turkic world perspective (Volga Bulgars links are under the "History" and "Genetics" tabs)

[编辑] 詞典

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分类: 突厥語族 | 元音和諧語言 | 中国语言

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鞑靼语