برطانيه
د Wikipedia لخوا
- For other meanings of the terms "United Kingdom" and "UK”, see United Kingdom (disambiguation) and UK (disambiguation). For an explanation of these and terms such as Great Britain, British, England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, see British Isles (terminology).
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| Motto: Dieu et mon droit (Royal motto; French for "God and my right") The other motto, also French, seen is that of the Order of the Garter: Honi soit qui mal y pense ("Shame upon him who thinks evil of it")3 | |||||
| ملي ترانه: God Save the Queen4 | |||||
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| پلازمېنه | لندن |
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| لوی ښار | لندن | ||||
| (رسمي ژبه/ ژبې) | انګرېزي/انګليسي de facto 5 | ||||
| حکومت
ملکه
لومړی وزير |
Constitutional monarchy Elizabeth II Gordon Brown |
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| Establishment |
18016 | ||||
| مساحت • ټولټال • اوبه (%) |
244,820 km² {{{مساحتي وېش}}} {{{areami²}}} mi² 1.34% |
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| د وګړو شمېر • July 2004 est. • 2001 census • ګڼه ګونه |
{{{د وګړو اټکل}}} (21st) 58,789,194 246.5/km² (33rd) {{{د وګړو ګڼه ګونهmi²}}}/mi² |
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| GDP (PPP) • ټولټال • Per capita |
2005 estimate $1.867 trillion (6th) $30,900 (14th) |
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| HDI (2003) | 0.939 (15th) – high | ||||
| پېسه | Pound sterling (£) (GBP) |
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| د ساعت توپير • Summer (DST) |
{{{وخت}}} (UTC+0) BST (UTC+1) |
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| د انټرنېت م.م(TLD) | .uk8 | ||||
| هېوادنی کوډ | GBR | ||||
| ټيليفوني پېل ګڼ | +44 |
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (usually shortened to the United Kingdom, or the UK) occupies part of the British Isles in northwestern Europe, with most of its territory and population on the island of Great Britain. It shares a land border with the د آيرلېنډ جمهوريت on the island of Ireland and is otherwise surrounded by the North Sea, the English Channel, the Celtic Sea, the Irish Sea, and the Atlantic Ocean.
The United Kingdom, often referred to as "Britain", is a constitutional monarchy and unitary state composed through a political union of four constituent entities: the three constituent countries of England, Scotland and Wales (known as the Home Nations) on Great Britain, and the province of Northern Ireland on the island of Ireland. The UK has several overseas territories, including Gibraltar and the Falkland Islands, and through the Crown has a constitutional relationship with the Crown dependencies of the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. The UK has close relationships with the fifteen other Commonwealth Realms, which share the same monarch as head of state.
The UK has a highly developed economy, the fourth-largest in the world (as measured in terms of Gross domestic product. It is one of the most populous member states of the European Union and a founding partner of both the UN (with a permanent seat on the Security Council) and NATO. The UK is also one of the major nuclear weapon states.
نيوليک |
[سمادول] تاريخ
[سمادول] جغرافيه
[سمادول] اقتصاد
- Main article: Economy of the United Kingdom
The United Kingdom, a leading trading power and financial centre, has an essentially capitalist economy, the fourth largest in the world in terms of market exchange rates and the sixth largest by purchasing power parity (PPP) exchange rates. Over the past three decades, the government has greatly reduced public ownership by means of privatisation programmes, and has contained the growth of the Welfare State.
Agriculture is intensive, highly mechanised, and efficient by European standards, producing about 70% of food needs with only 1% of the labour force. The UK has large coal, natural gas, and oil reserves; primary energy production accounts for 10% of GDP, one of the highest shares of any industrial state.
Services, particularly banking, insurance and business services, account for by far the largest proportion of GDP. Industry continues to decline in importance, although the UK is still Europe's largest manufacturer of armaments, petroleum products, personal computers, televisions, and mobile telephones. Tourism is also important: with over 24 million tourists a year, the United Kingdom is ranked as the sixth major tourist destination in the world, between China (33) and Austria (19.1). The Blair government has put off the question of participation in the Euro system, citing five economic tests that would need to be met before they recommend that the UK adopts the Euro, and hold a referendum.
[سمادول] حکومت او سياست
- Main article: Politics of the United Kingdom
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انځور:Ac.thequeen.jpg
Queen Elizabeth II
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The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy, with executive power exercised on behalf of the Queen by the Prime Minister and other cabinet ministers who head departments. The cabinet, including the Prime Minister, and other ministers collectively make up Her Majesty's Government. These ministers are drawn from and are responsible to Parliament, the legislative body, which is traditionally considered to be "supreme" (that is, able to legislate on any matter and not bound by decisions of its predecessors). The UK is one of the few countries in the world today that does not have a codified constitution, relying instead on customs and separate pieces of constitutional law.
While the monarch is Head of State and theoretically holds all executive power, it is the Prime Minister who is the head of government. The government is answerable chiefly to the House of Commons and the Prime Minister is drawn from this chamber of Parliament by constitutional convention. The majority of cabinet members will be from the House of Commons, the rest from the House of Lords. Ministers do not, however, legally have to come from Parliament, though that is the modern day custom. The British system of government has been emulated around the world - a legacy of the United Kingdom's colonial past - most notably in the other Commonwealth Realms. The Prime Minister is chosen as the MP who can command a majority in the House of Commons - usually the leader of the largest party or, if there is no majority party, the largest coalition. The current Prime Minister is Tony Blair of the Labour Party, who has been in office since 1997.
In the United Kingdom the monarch has extensive theoretical powers, but his or her role is mainly, though not exclusively, ceremonial. The monarch is an integral part of Parliament (as the "Crown-in-Parliament") and theoretically gives Parliament the power to meet and create legislation. An Act of Parliament does not become law until it has been signed by the Queen (known as Royal Assent), although no monarch has refused assent to a bill that has been approved by Parliament since Queen Anne in 1708). Although the abolition of the monarchy has been suggested several times, the popularity of the monarchy remains strong in spite of recent controversies. Support for a British republic usually fluctuates between 15% and 25% of the population, with roughly 10% undecided or indifferent [1]. The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II who acceded to the throne in 1952 and was crowned in 1953.
Parliament is the national legislature of the United Kingdom. It is the ultimate legislative authority in the United Kingdom, according to the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty (however, questions over sovereignty have been brought forward due to the U.K's entry in to the European Union). It is bicameral, composed of the elected House of Commons and the unelected House of Lords, whose members are mostly appointed. The House of Commons is the more powerful of the two houses. The House of Commons houses 646 members who are directly elected from single-member constituencies based on population. The House of Lords has 724 members (though this number is not fixed), constituted of hereditary peers, life peers, and bishops of the Church of England. The Church of England is the established church of the state in England.
Since the 1920s, the two largest political parties in British politics have been the Labour Party and Conservative Party. Though coalition and minority governments have been an occasional feature of Parliamentary politics, the first-past-the-post electoral system used for general elections tends to maintain the dominance of these two parties, though each has in the past century relied upon a third party to deliver a working majority in Parliament. The Liberal Democrats are the third major party in the UK parliament and actively seek a reform of the electoral system to address the dominance of the two-party system.
Though many in the United Kingdom consider themselves 'British' as well as 'Welsh', 'English', 'Scottish' or 'Irish' (and increasingly also 'Afro-Caribbean', 'Indian' or 'Pakistani'), there has long been a widespread sense of separate national identities in the nations of Wales and Scotland and amongst the Catholic community in Northern Ireland. Independence for the Republic of Ireland in 1922 provided only a partial solution to what had been termed in the 19th Century the 'Irish Question', and competing demands for a united Ireland or continued union with Great Britain have brought civil strife and political instability up to the present day.
Though 'nationalist' (as opposed to 'unionist') tendencies have shifted over time in Scotland and Wales, with the Scottish National Party founded in 1934 and Plaid Cymru (the Party of Wales) in 1925, a serious political crisis threatening the integrity of the United Kingdom as a state has not occurred since the 1970s. Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland each possess a legislature and government alongside that for the United Kingdom. However, this increased autonomy and devolution of executive and legislative powers has not contributed to a reduction in support for independence from the UK, with the rise of new pro-independence parties: for example the Scottish Green Party and the Scottish Socialist Party.
The contradictions the West Lothian Question places upon the state may yet prove to be considerable. There is currently little appetite, outside of smaller parties such as the English Democrats, for a devolved English parliament, although senior Conservatives and Liberal Democrats have voiced support. Proposals for English regional government have stalled, following a disastrous referendum on devolved government for the North-East of England, which was hitherto considered the region most in favour of the idea. England is therefore governed according to the balance of parties across the whole of the United Kingdom.
The well-received resurgence in Celtic (Welsh, Scottish, Irish and Cornish) cultures and languages, as well as 'regional' politics and development, have contributed to the forces pulling against the unity of the state. However, there is at present little sign of any imminent 'crisis' (at the last General Election, both the Scottish National Party and Plaid Cymru saw their percentage of the overall vote drop, though the SNP did gain two more seats). In Northern Ireland there has been a large drop in violence over the last twenty years, though the situation remains tense, with the more hardline parties, such as Sinn Féin and the Democratic Unionists, now holding the most parliamentary seats.
کينډۍ:See also
[سمادول] Subdivisions
کينډۍ:Seealso
[سمادول] پوځ
[سمادول] کلتور/فرهڼ
- Main article: Culture of the United Kingdom
[سمادول] زده کړې او ساينس
The United Kingdom contains some of the world's leading universities, including the University of Cambridge, the University of Oxford and the University of London (which incorporates, amongst others, King's College London, Imperial College London, The London School of Economics and University College London). It has produced many great scholars, scientists and engineers including Sir Isaac Newton, Charles Darwin, Adam Smith, James Clark Maxwell, Lord Kelvin, and Isambard Kingdom Brunel; the nation is credited with many inventions including the locomotive, vaccination, television, the railway, and both the internal combustion and the jet engine.
In 2006, it was reported that the UK was the most productive source of research after the United States; with the UK producing, for instance, 9% of the world's scientific research papers with a 12% share of citations [2].
In the UK, there are two types of schools, Public Schools and State Schools. Public schools are typically funded by the individual whom attends it, making it a more popular choice among the more wealthy citizens. State schools, however, are funded by the government through Tax.
=== ژبه ===full of wankers
[سمادول] مذهب
- Main article: Religion in the United Kingdom
The Church of England and the Church of Scotland function as the official national religions in their respective countries, but most religions found in the world are represented in the United Kingdom. Anglicanism is the state religion that has been established in England since 1534 during the reign of King Henry VIII. During his reign, England broke ties with the Roman Catholic Church and established the Church of England as the official religion of England. Reforms to the nature of the church's relationship to the state have been ongoing, especially concerning the nature of the House of Lords and the appointment of a fixed amount of the lordships going to Lords Spiritual, Bishops of the Church of England.
The biggest minority religion of the UK is Islam, holding around 1.6 million members (2.7%). There are over 560,000 Hindus, 500,000 Sikhs, and 320,000 Jewish in Great Britain. Most world religions are represented in the United Kingdom.
[سمادول] ادبيات
- Main article: British literature
Playwright William Shakespeare is arguably the most famous writer in the history of the English language; other well-known writers from the United Kingdom include the Brontë sisters (Charlotte, Emily, and Anne), Jane Austen, William Thackeray, J.K. Rowling, J. R. R. Tolkien, C. S. Lewis, John Milton, Oscar Wilde, H. G. Wells, Charles Dickens, Robert Louis Stevenson, Sir Walter Scott, John Buchan, J.M.Barrie, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and George Orwell. Important poets include Lord Byron, Robert Burns, Lord Tennyson and William Blake.
[سمادول] موسيقي
- Main article: Music of the United Kingdom
[سمادول] رسنۍ
See also List of British television channels
[سمادول] سپورټ
[سمادول] Miscellaneous topics
- Cellular frequency: GSM 900, GSM 1800, UMTS 2100
- Cellular technology: GSM/GPRS/EDGE/UMTS
- Date format: DD/MM/YYYY (ex. 29/2/2004 or 29/02/2004) or DD/MM/YY (ex. 29/2/04 or 29/02/04), other styles are DD.MM.YY or DD-MM-YY
- Decimal separator is a full stop: 123.45
- Thousands are separated (formal) by a comma: 10,000, but younger people sometimes use: 10 000.
- Voltage: 230V (except in Northern Ireland 220V) , 50 Hz; Power connector: 3 rectangle pins
- Postal code: LN NLL, LLN NLL, LNN NLL, LLNN NLL, LNL NLL or LLNL NLL. See British postal codes
کينډۍ:British topics
[سمادول] See also
- Major powers - United Kingdom
[سمادول] External links
کينډۍ:Sisterlinks
| برطانيه Portal |
- Official Website of the United Kingdom Government
- Official tourist guide to Britain
- Official Yearbook of the United Kingdom
- کينډۍ:Wikitravel
کينډۍ:United Kingdom
کينډۍ:UK ties2
کينډۍ:FA
