Siege of Eger
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| Siege of Eger | |||||||
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| Part of the Ottoman wars in Europe and Ottoman-Habsburg wars | |||||||
 Women of Eger by Bertalan Székely |
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| Belligerents | |||||||
| Ottoman Empire | Hungarian defenders | ||||||
| Commanders | |||||||
| Ahmed Pasha and Ali Pasha | István Dobó | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| Between 150,000 and 200,000[1] | Approx 2,100, including civilians[2] | ||||||
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The 1552 Siege of Eger occurred during the 16th Century Ottoman Wars in Europe It was a major Hungarian victory after a series of crushing defeats at the hands of Turkish forces and checked the Ottoman expansion into central and eastern Europe. However, it remained a small encounter in a war that the Hungarians under the Habsburg dynasty were struggling to maintain.
[edit] Historical Background
The Turkish Sultan, Suleiman the Magnificent, commenced his expansion of the empire in 1520 after the reign of Selim I. He began assaults against Hungarian and Austrian influenced territories, invading Hungarian soil in 1526. The Hungarian Army was crushed at the Battle of Mohacs and the way was paved open to attack the Danube Basin. The battle also brought about the death of the King of Hungary and Bohemia, Louis II, leading to a disputed claim for the throne. The Austrian Emperor Ferdinand I succeeded to the Bohemian throne but was challenged to the Hungarian throne by the pretender John Zápolya whose claim was backed by nobles and the Sultan. The power struggle continued beyond John's death in 1540 when his son, John II Sigismund Zápolya succeeded to the throne. It was not resolved until he renounced the throne in 1563 when he was succeeded by Maximilian I.
The Ottomans met resistance during the Siege of Kőszeg in 1532, where a force of 800 men[citation needed] under Miklós Jurisich managed to hold back the Ottoman armies. However, this only delayed their campaign by 25 days, and they continued to close in on Buda, finally occupying the capital in 1541. Buda became the seat of Turkish rule in the area, with the Turkish supported John II governing the occupied territories.
The loss of Christian forts at Temesvár and Szolnok in 1552 were blamed on mercenary soldiers within the Hungarian ranks. When the Turks turned their attention to the northern Hungarian town of Eger in the same year few expected the defenders to put up much resistance, particularly as the two great armies of the Turkish lords Ahmed and Ali, which had crushed all opposition previously, united under Eger.
Eger was an important stronghold and key to the defence of the remainder of Hungarian soil. North of Eger lay the poorly reinforced city of Kassa (present day Košice), the centre of an important region of mines and associated mints, which provided the Hungarian Kingdom with large amounts of quality silver and gold coinage. Besides allowing a take-over of that revenue source, fall of Eger would also enable the Ottoman Empire to secure an alternative logistic and troop route for further west-ward military expansion, possibly allowing the Turks to lay sieges on Vienna more frequently.
[edit] The Fortress
The fortress of Eger is located east of the town on a hillside. Its actual location was not ideal from a military point of view - the castle overlooks only the southern and western parts of the walled town - however, it had the advantage over the Ottoman forces as it provided excellent locations for gun positions. The castle comprised an inner and outer fortress with a gate tower to the southeast and 6 bastions on the walls - the Earth Bastion and Prison Bastion to the northwest, Sándor Bastion on the north wall, Bolyky Bastion on the northeast corner, Bebek Bastion on the eastern corner of the outer fortress and the Dobó Bastion on the western wall. The Varkoch gate sat on the southern wall of the inner fortress while a further bastion, Church Bastion, lay at the centre of the wall separating the two parts of the fortress.
The fortress of Eger was built on the ruins of an earlier stone fort, which replaced an ancient earthen encampment, possibly erected by the Huns. This made Eger's foundations stronger than usual and greatly hindered the work of Ottoman miners. As was usual during sieges at that time, both the attackers and the defenders tried to dug tunnels under the walls and plant gunpowder charges to either open gaps into the fortress or destroy the attacker's trenches. None of these attempts were successful during the siege of Eger.
[edit] The Siege
The Ottoman army which arrived at Eger consisted of approximately 150,000 persons, some 80,000 of whom were trained soldiers of various arms and combat value. The rest included logistics personnel, craftsmen, merchants and gypsy caravans who provided repair services and popular entertainment, such as fortune-telling, to the Ottoman troops. Thus, the defenders of Eger were outnumbered about 1 to 50 in hand-to-hand combat. However, many of the Ottomans were worn out and tired because of their long journey on foot, which started in the Balkans in the spring of 1552.
The Ottomans had 16 zarbuzans (very large siege cannons) as well as 150 medium and smaller pieces of artillery and a fleet of two thousand camels, which proved to be highly useful in the collection and transportation of wood to the site used for the construction of temporary siege platforms. The defenders had 6 large and about a dozen smaller cannons and some 300 trench guns with ample supplies of ammunition.
Despite the difference in troop numbers, Eger's strong walls and the high morale of its defenders allowed the fortress to withstand five major assaults and continuous cannonfire (excluding the ones stuck in the walls of the stronghold, almost 12,000 cannonballs landed inside the fortress before the siege ended).
The fortress was defended by 2,100 people, a mixture of professional soldiers, insurgent peasants and a few dozen women. Among the approximately 1,530 combat-ready personnel there were only a handful of foreign mercenaries: Dobó had hired six cannonmasters from Germany in order to make the most efficient use of Eger's artillery. The defenders were commanded by István Dobó and his deputy István Mekcsey, who had assumed command in 1549. Another noted officer, famous in Hungarian literature and folklore, was Gergely Bornemissza. He commanded a detachment of 250 Austrian musketeers, however it was his skill with explosives that was to make this young officer's name. During the siege Bornemissza devised primitive but lethal grenades and powder keg sized bombs to use against the attackers as well as a water-mill wheel packed with gunpowder which he rolled into the Ottoman ranks. His secret lied in the gunpowder not simply exploding but sparking even more fire. He loaded these weapons with oil, sulfur and flint in order to shower the enemy with burning missiles.
The Turks had expected an easy victory, but the bravery of the castle's defenders, as well as Dobó's inspired leadership, resisted and repulsed repeated Turkish assaults. Even after the storage tower containing 24 metric tons of black gunpowder exploded and caused exstensive structural damage, the invaders still could not find a way into the castle compound. After 39 days of bloody, brutal and intense fighting the remnants of the Ottoman Army withdrew, beaten and humiliated. The defenders' losses amounted to about one third of their ranks, including those killed and permanently maimed in combat. Dobó lost both of his cadets.
According to modern historical research, several external factors contributed the defenders' success. There was significant in-fighting between the two Ottoman leaders, Pasha Ali and Pasha Ahmed. Ahmed was the senior and contributed twice as many troops to the united army, but Ali showed more strategic talent and proved his skill in artillery, heavily damaging the castle walls with his battery of just four large siege guns. During the siege, the Ottoman army ran out of gunpowder and cannonballs (which were carved out of marble) at least twice, limiting Ahmed's use of heavy artillery for a week or more. The end of autumn arrived earlier than usual with heavy rain and freezing nighttime temperatures. Reduced rice rations and allegations of corruption among the officers caused discontent among the Ottoman troops.
After the victory Dobó and his officers resigned, in order to protest King Ferdinand's refusal to contribute any material help to the defence. Gergely Bornemissza was appointed to take over command of the fortress. He was later ambushed, captured and hanged by the Ottomans. The fortress of Eger remained defiant of Turkish attacks until 1596 when 7,000 defenders, mostly mercenaries, capitulated meekly against the Turkish forces personally commanded by the Sultan, Mehmed III. It was the beginning of nearly 80 years of Turkish rule in the town.
[edit] The Siege in Art and Literature
Earliest records of the siege were recorded by the chronicler Sebestyén Tinódi Lantos in 1554 who wrote musical verses of the exploits of the people of Eger. It was not until 19th century that the siege was seized upon by Hungarian writers as the basis of fictional accounts. The first was the poem Eger by Mihály Vörösmarty in 1827. The most famous account was by author Géza Gárdonyi who wrote his popular 1899 historical novel Egri csillagok about the events of this period. It chronicles the events leading up to and including the siege and tells the tale of Bornemissza, as well as Captain Dobó, and his co-commander István Mekcsey. During the 1960's the novel was adapted into a feature-length film, which is still regularly shown on Hungarian TV. Bertalan Székely's painting Az Egri Nők (Women of Eger) depicts the defence of the fortress, especially by the womenfolk, and hangs in the National Art Gallery in Budapest.
[edit] References
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