Luna 20

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Orbital elements
Luna 20

Organization	Soviet Union
Major contractors	GSMZ Lavochkin
Mission type	Planetary Science Lunar Sample Return
Launch	February 14, 1972 at 03:27:59 UTC
Launch vehicle	Proton 8K82K + Blok D
Mission highlight	55-gram Lunar sample returned to Earth on February 25, 1972, 19:19 UTC 40 km north of Dzhezkazgan, Kazakhstan
Mission duration	11 days
Mass	5,727 kg (5,600 kg dry)
NSSDC ID	1972-007A
Webpage	NASA NSSDC Master Catalog
Satellite of	Moon
Semimajor axis	6,477.8 km
Eccentricity	0.0
Inclination	65°
Orbital period	119 min
Apoastron	100 km
Periastron	100 km
Orbits	~36
Lunar Landing	February 21, 1972, 19:19 UTC
Landing coordinates	3° 32' N, -56° 33' E
Lunar liftoff	February 22, 1972, 22:58 UTC
Instruments
Stereo imaging system Remote arm for sample collection Radiation detector

Luna 20 (Ye-8-5 series) was an unmanned space mission of the Luna program, also called Lunik 20. Luna 20 was placed in an intermediate Earth parking orbit and from this orbit was sent towards the Moon. It entered lunar orbit on February 18, 1972. On February 21, 1972, Luna 20 soft landed on the Moon in a mountainous area known as the Apollonius highlands near Mare Fecunditatis (Sea of Fertility), 120 km from where Luna 16 had landed. While on the lunar surface, the panoramic television system was operated. Lunar samples were obtained by means of an extendable drilling apparatus. The ascent stage of Luna 20 was launched from the lunar surface on 22 February 1972 carrying 30 grams of collected lunar samples in a sealed capsule. It landed in the Soviet Union on 25 February 1972. The lunar samples were recovered the following day.

This was the eighth Soviet spacecraft launched to return lunar soil to Earth. It was evidently sent to complete the mission that Luna 18 had failed to accomplish. After a 4.5-day flight to the Moon, which included a single midcourse correction on 15 February, Luna 20 entered orbit around the Moon on 18 February. Initial orbital parameters were 100 x 100 kilometers at 65° inclination. Three days later, at 19:13 UT, the spacecraft fired its main engine for 267 seconds to begin descent to the lunar surface. A second firing further reduced velocity before Luna 20 set down safely on the Moon at 19:19 UT on 21 February 1972 at coordinates 3°32' north latitude and 56°33' east longitude, only 1.8 kilometers from the crash site of Luna 18. After collecting a small sample of lunar soil, the spacecraft’s ascent stage lifted off at 22:58 UT on 22 February and quickly accelerated to 2.7 kilometers per second velocity—sufficient to return to Earth. The small spherical capsule eventually parachuted down safely on an island in the Karkingir River, 40 kilometers north of the town of Dzhezkazgan in Kazakhstan, at 19:19 UT on 25 February 1972.

The 55-gram soil sample differed from that collected by Luna 16 in that the majority (50 to 60 %) of the rock particles in the newer sample were ancient lunar highlands anorthosite (which consists largely of feldspar) rather than the basalt of the earlier one (which contained about 1 to 2 % of anorthosite). The American Apollo 16 mission returned similar highlands material two months later. Like the Luna 16 soil, samples of the Luna 20 collection were shared with American and French scientists.