Jewish Combat Organization
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Polish Underground State
 History of Poland |
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Polish Socialist Party |
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Camp of National Unity |
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Armia Krajowa |
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National Military |
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Jewish Combat Organization |
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The Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa (ŻOB, Polish for the Jewish Combat Organization; called in Yiddish יידישע קאמף ארגאניזאציע) - a World War II resistance movement, which was instrumental in engineering the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising (although the ŻZW Jewish resistance organization claimed otherwise). The organization also took part in other resistance activities.
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[edit] Offshoot of Jewish youth groups
The seeds of the ŻOB were planted on 22 July 1942, when the German Nazis issued a decree regarding the fate of the Jews confined in the Warsaw Ghetto. "All Jewish persons living in Warsaw, regardless of age and sex, [would] be resettled in the East."[1] Thus began massive deportations of the Jews, which lasted until 12 September 1942. Overall some 300,000 Jews were expelled, many of whom were sent to the Treblinka extermination camp. The deportations depleted the once thriving Warsaw Jewish community to 55,000-60,000 inhabitants.
The youth groups that were instrumental in forming the ŻOB had anticipated German intentions to annihilate Warsaw Jewry and began to shift from an educational and cultural focus to self-defense and eventual armed struggle.
Unlike the older generation, the youth groups took these reports seriously and had no illusions about the true intentions of the Germans. A document published three months before the start of the deportations by Hashomer Hatzair declared: "We know that Hitler's system of murder, slaughter and robbery leads steadily to a dead end and the destruction of the Jews."[2]
Because of their ability to view the situation objectively, a number of the leftist Zionist youth groups like Hashomer Hatzair proposed the creation of a self-defense organization at a meeting of Warsaw Jewish leaders in March of 1942. The proposal was rejected by the Bund who believed that a fighting organization would fail without the help of Polish resistance groups who were refusing to provide any support to such an organization. Others rejected the notion of armed resistance saying that there was no evidence of a threat of deportation. Moreover, they argued any armed resistance would provoke the Germans to retaliate against the whole Jewish community.
[edit] ŻOB resistance to the second deportation
On 18 January 1943, the Nazis began a second wave of deportations. The first Jews the Germans rounded up included a number of ŻOB fighters who had intentionally crept into the column of deportees. Led by Mordechai Anielewicz they waited for the appropriate signal, then stepped out of formation, and fought the Nazis with small arms. The column scattered and news of the ŻOB action quickly spread throughout the ghetto. During this small deportation, the Nazis only managed to round up about 5,000 to 6,000 Jews.
The deportations lasted four days during which the Germans met other acts of resistance from the ŻOB. When they left the ghetto on 22 January 1943, the remaining Jews regarded it as a victory, however Israel Gutman, a member of the ŻOB who subsequently became one of the leading authors on Jewish Warsaw wrote, It [was] not known [to the Jews] that the Germans had not intended to liquidate the entire ghetto by means of the January deportations. However, Gutman concludes that the [January] deportations... had a decisive influence on the ghetto's last months.
[edit] Final deportation and uprising
The final deportation began on the eve of Passover, 19 April 1943. The streets of the ghetto were vacant; most of the remaining 30,000 Jews were hiding in carefully prepared bunkers including their headquarters located in Ulica Mila 18, many of which had electricity and running water, however they offered no route of escape.
When the Germans marched into the ghetto, they met fierce armed resistance from fighters attacking from open windows in vacated apartments. The defenders of the ghetto utilized guerrilla warfare tactics and had the strategic advantage of not only surprise but also of being able to look down on their opponents. This advantage was lost when the Germans began systematically burning all of the buildings of the ghetto forcing the fighters to leave their positions and seek cover in the underground bunkers. The fires above consumed much of the available oxygen below ground, turning the bunkers into suffocating death traps.
By 16 May 1943, the German Police General Jürgen Stroop, who had been in charge of the final deportation, officially declared what he called the Grossaktion, finished. To celebrate he razed Warsaw's Great Synagogue. The ghetto was destroyed and what remained of the uprising was suppressed.
[edit] Epilogue
Even after the destruction of the ghetto, small numbers of Jews could still be found in the underground bunkers, on both sides of the ghetto wall. In fact, during the last months of the ghetto some 20,000 Jews fled to the Aryan side. Some Jews who escaped the final destruction of the ghetto, including youth group members and leaders Kazik Ratajzer, Zivia Lubetkin, Icchak Cukierman and Marek Edelman, would participate in the 1944 Warsaw Uprising against the Nazis.
While many members and leaders of the youth groups perished in the Warsaw Ghetto, the Zionist youth movements themselves are still alive and thriving all over the world. One can still find the leftist youth groups Hashomer Hatzair and Habonim Dror in countries like Argentina, Australia, Canada, Chile, Israel, Italy, Mexico, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The rightist youth group Betar enjoys a large following as well but mostly in Western Europe and the United States, and Bnei Akiva is the largest Religious Zionist youth movement in the world, with branches in many countries.
[edit] References
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