Ionizing radiation
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Ionizing radiation is a process in physics where something emits particles or waves that have the potential to ionize an atom or molecule through atomic interactions.
It is a function of the energy of the individual particles or waves, and not a function of the number of particles or waves present.
There are several types of ionizing radiation, including:
- gamma radiation, which is high-energy electromagnetic waves
- particle radiation, in which small pieces of matter are radiated, which include:
- alpha radiation, made of helium nuclei
- beta radiation, made of energetic electrons or positrons
- neutron radiation, made of neutrons
Some radiation can go through the human body and other objects. Usually when people use the term radiation, they are talking specifically about potentially harmful types of ionizing radiation. If something produces this sort of radiation, we can say it is radioactive.
There is a little radiation all around us all the time, which people's bodies are used to, but larger amounts of radiation can make people sick or kill them. Natural radiation is produced by some chemical elements, such as uranium, and by stars and other things in outer space. Some things that are radioactive only stay radioactive for much less than a second. Other things can stay radioactive for thousands of years.
People can also make radiation. Some of the machines that make radiation are called cyclotrons, linear accelerators and particle accelerators. Scientists use these machines to make radiation so they can study it. X-ray machines make radiation so doctors can see the inside of the human body and help people. Nuclear weapons (atomic weapons) make a huge amount of radiation very fast, in order to destroy buildings and kill people.
Nuclear reactors are used to make electricity. They make a lot of radiation, but the reactors are built carefully to keep the radiation inside the reactor. But many people are afraid that if there were a problem with the reactor, the radiation could escape into the environment, harming or killing many animals and people. Also, the parts of the reactor stay radioactive, and can kill people, for hundreds or thousands of years, so people aren't sure where they can keep parts of old reactors safely away from people.
[change] Other websites
- The Nuclear Regulatory Commission regulates most commercial radiation sources and non-medical exposures in the US:
- Biological Effects of Low Level Exposures: Radiation Hormesis
- Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR VII Phase 2
- NLM Hazardous Substances Databank – Ionizing Radiation
- RISC-RAD is a European research project on assessment of low dose cancer risk
- UNSCEAR 2000 Report, Volume 1: Sources
- UNSCEAR 2000 Report, Volume 2: Effects
- Beginners Guide to Ionising Radiation Measurement
- Quantities, units and their relationships
- Plans for homemade ionizing radiation meter
- List of common household radioactive items