Bezhta language
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| Bezhta бежкьа миц / bežƛʼa mic |
||
|---|---|---|
| Pronunciation: | [ˈbeʒt͡ɬʼɑ miʦ] | |
| Spoken in: | Russia | |
| Region: | Southern Dagestan | |
| Total speakers: | 10,000 | |
| Language family: | North Caucasian (disputed) Northeast Caucasian Tsezic East Tsezic Bezhta |
|
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | cau | |
| ISO 639-2: | cau | |
| ISO 639-3: | kap | |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. | ||
The Bezhta language (Bezhta: бежкьа миц, bežƛʼa mic, also known as Kapucha) belongs to the Tsezic group of the North Caucasian language family. It is a language spoken by about 10,000 people in southern Dagestan, Russia.
Bezhta can be further divided into three dialects — Bezhta Proper, Tljadali and Hoshar-Hota — which are spoken in various villages in the region. Its closest linguistic relatives are Hunzib, Tsez, Khwarshi and Hinukh. It is also related to the Avar language, but the two are not mutually intelligible. Bezhta is an unwritten language, but various attempts have been made to develop an official orthography for the language. The Bezhta people use Avar as literary language. The first book ever printed in Bezhta was the Gospel of Luke.
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[edit] Phonology
Bezhta has a rich consonantal and — unlike its relatives Tsez and Avar — a relatively large vowel inventory (18 distinct vowel phonemes), compared to other languages of the same family.
[edit] Morphology
The Bezhta language is a mostly agglutinative one and the vast amount of locative cases makes its case system particularly rich. The verb morphology is relatively simple, though. It is an ergative language.
[edit] Numerals
Different from Tsez, Bezhta has a decimal system with the word for twenty being an exception.
| Latin | Cyrillic | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | hõs | гьонс |
| 2 | qʼona | къона |
| 3 | łana | лъана |
| 4 | ṏqʼönä | оьнкъоьнаь |
| 5 | łina | лъина |
| 6 | iłna | илъна |
| 7 | aƛna | алIна |
| 8 | beƛna | белIна |
| 9 | äčʼena | аьчIена |
| 10 | acʼona | ацIона |
| 20 | qona | хъона |
| 100 | hõsčʼitʼ / -čʼitʼ | гьонсчIитI / -чIитI |
| 1000 | hazay | гьазай |
- Multiples of 10 higher than 20 are formed by adding the suffix -yig (-йиг) to the multiplier. Hence, the word for 30 is łanayig (лъанайиг).
- Compound numbers are formed by juxtaposition, the smaller numbers following the greater ones. The number 47 is thus expressed as ṏqʼönäyig aƛna (оьнкъоьнаьйиг алIна).
[edit] Sample of the Bezhta language
This is a passage taken from the Gospel of Luke written in a Cyrillic orthography based on Avar and Chechen, a Latinized transcription and one in IPA.
| CYRILLIC | LATIN TRANSCRIPTION | IPA TRANSCRIPTION | TRANSLATION |
|---|---|---|---|
| Гьогцо гьоллохъа нисос: | Hogco holloqa nisos: | [hoɡ.ʦo holː.o.qɑ ni.sos | Jesus said to the followers: |
| Доьъа богьцалаъ вагьда̄ ниса: | Dö'a bohcala' wahdā nisa: | dɜʔ.ɑ boh.ʦɑ.lɑʔ wɑh.dɑː ni.sɑ | When you pray, pray like this: |
| «Йа̄ Або, Дибо ца̄н аьдамла̄ илагьияб бикӀзи йовала, | «Yā Abo, Dibo cā̃ ädamlā ilahiyab bikʼzi yowala, | jɑː ʔɑ.bo, di.bo ʦɑ̃ː ʔa.dɑm.lɑː ʔi.lɑ.hi.jɑb bikʼzi jo.wɑ.lɑ | "O Father, we pray that your name will always be kept holy, |
| Дибо Парчагьлъи йонкъала; | Dibo Parčahłi yõqʼala; | di.bo pɑr.ʧɑh.ɬi jõ.qʼɑ.lɑ | we pray that your kingdom will come; |
| Шибаб водиъ баццас баьба илол нилӀа; | Šibab wodi' baccas bäba ilol niƛa; | ʃi.bɑb wo.diʔ bɑʦː.ɑs ba.bɑ ʔi.lol ni.tɬɑ | give us the food we need for each day; |
| Илла мунагьла̄кьас кьодос тилӀки, судлӀо нисода илена къацӀцӀола илол кешлъи йо̄вакьас кьодос тилӀбакца. | Illa munahlāƛʼas ƛʼodos tiƛki, sudƛo nisoda ilena qʼacʼcʼola ilol kešłi yōwaƛʼas ƛʼodos tiƛbakca. | ʔi.lːɑ mu.nɑh.lɑːtɬʼ.ɑs tɬʼo.dos ti.tɬki, sud.tɬo ni.sɔ.dɑ ʔi.le.nɑ qʼɑʦʼː.o.lɑ ʔi.lol keʃ.ɬi joː.wɑ.tɬʼɑs tɬʼo.dos ti.tɬbɑk.ʦɑ | forgive us the sins we have done, because we forgive every person that has done wrong to us. |
| Ми илос гьаьл бикъелална уьнхолъа̄къа.» | Mi ilos häl biqʼelalna ü̃xołāqʼa.» | mi ʔi.los hal bi.qʼe.lɑl.nɑ ʔɨ̃.χo.ɬɑː.qʼɑ] | And don't let us be tempted." |
